Urinary Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB as an Early Marker of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: An Egyptian Study

Figures & data

Table 1.  Clinical and laboratory parameters of type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy.

Parameters	Controls (n = 20)	DM with normoalbuminuria (n = 20)	DM with microalbuminuria (n = 20)	DM with macroalbuminuria (n = 20)
Age (years)	53.3 ± 8.5	52.5 ± 10.6	54.9 ± 9.7	57.4 ± 11.3
Sex (M/F)	10/10	8/12	7/13	9/11
Disease duration (years)	—	8.15 ± 1.3	9.2 ± 2.4	10.3 ± 6.5
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	78.2 ± 8.4	122.8 ± 7.9^a	164.5 ± 10.8^b	240.6 ± 14.2^c,d
Postprandial glucose (mg/dL)	115.4 ± 10.9	179.8 ± 13.6^a	268.4 ± 12.8^b	360.3 ± 20.5^c,d
HbA1c (%)	4.8 ± 0.4	6.2 ± 0.9^a	7.5 ± 0.7^b	9.4 ± 1.5^c,d
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	170.6 ± 16.9	182.5 ± 28.4	217.3 ± 36.8^e	336.2 ± 26.5^c,d
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	48 ± 5.6	45.3 ± 4.2	44.6 ± 6.6	41.8 ± 8.5
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	109 ± 13.2	115 ± 14.9	163 ± 22^b	266 ± 41^c,d
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	85.5 ± 15.9	96.8 ± 23.6	118.2 ± 42.2	157.1 ± 20.4^c,d
Blood urea (mg/dL)	36.9 ± 6.2	40.8 ± 8.6	44.5 ± 10.2	60.3 ± 13.6^c,d
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.5^f	1.8 ± 0.6^c,g
Creatinine clearance (mL/min)	106.3 ± 11.4	100.0 ± 14.2	82.6 ± 13.8^b	58.9 ± 17.3^c,d
Urinary albumin (mg/24 h)	13.5 ± 3.8	16.2 ± 5.3	174.7 ± 45.3^b	690.2 ± 111.3^c,d
Urinary PDGF-BB (pg/mL)	84.3 ± 41.8	278.5 ± 230.9^a	1680 ± 885.9^b	2255 ± 992.2^c

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB; DM, diabetes mellitus.

^ap < 0.001 normoalbuminuria versus controls.

^bp < 0.001 microalbuminuria versus normoalbuminuria.

^cp < 0.001 macroalbuminuria versus normoalbuminuria.

^dp < 0.001 macroalbuminuria versus microalbuminuria.

^ep < 0.01 microalbuminuria versus normoalbuminuria.

^fp < 0.05 microalbuminuria versus normoalbuminuria.

^gp < 0.01 macroalbuminuria versus microalbuminuria.

Figure 1.  Urinary platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) levels in type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and controls.

Table 2.  Correlation between urinary PDGF-BB and other parameters in type 2 diabetic patients.

	Disease duration (years)	HbA1c (%)	Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)	Creatinine clearance (mL/min)	Urinary albumin (mg/24 h)
PDGF-BB (pg/mL)	r = 0.294	r = 0.124	r = 0.206	r = 0.196	r = 0.393	r = 0.212	r = −0.615	r = 0.711
	p < 0.05	p > 0.05	p > 0.05	p > 0.05	p < 0.01	p > 0.05	p < 0.001	p < 0.001

Notes: PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

p-Value of <0.05 was considered as significant.

Table 3.  Multiple regression analysis of predictors of nephropathy among diabetic patients.

Independent variables	β	Standard error	Partial r^2	p-Value
Disease duration (years)	0.002	0.015	0.08	<0.05
HbA1c (%)	0.05	0.003	0.06	>0.05
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.006	0.04	0.003	>0.05
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	−0.06	0.03	0.010	>0.05
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.07	0.012	0.07	<0.05
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	−0.003	0.100	0.001	>0.05
Urinary albumin (mg/24 h)	−0.04	0.025	0.17	<0.01
Urinary PDGF-BB (pg/mL)	−0.03	0.004	0.10	<0.001

Notes: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB.

p-Value of <0.05 was considered as significant.