The Effects of Syzygium aromaticum-Derived Oleanolic Acid on Kidney Function of Male Sprague–Dawley Rats and on Kidney and Liver Cell Lines

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison between the effects of OA infusion in anesthetized rats with control animals on GFR (A), MAP (B), and Na⁺ excretion rate (C). OA was administered at 90 μg h⁻¹ for 1 h 30 min during the treatment period. Values are presented as means for each 30-min collection; vertical bars indicate SEM of means (n = 6) in each group.

Note: *p < 0.05 in comparison with control animals.

Figure 2. Comparison between the effects of OA treatment twice every third day for 5 weeks with control animals on MAP (A) and Na⁺ excretion rates (B) in conscious rats. Values are presented as means for weekly collection; vertical bars indicate SEM of means (n = 6) in each group.

Note: *p < 0.05 in comparison with control animals.

Table 1. Terminal plasma biochemical parameters of control and rats administered OA twice every third consecutive day for 5 weeks (n = 6 in all groups).

Parameter	Control	30 mg kg^−1 body weight	60 mg kg^−1 body weight	120 mg kg^−1 body weight
Na^+ (mmol L^−1)	142 ± 1	141 ± 2	140 ± 2	142 ± 1
K^+ (mmol L^−1)	4.25 ± 0.25	4.14 ± 0.21	4.03 ± 0.22	4.17 ± 0.20
Cl^− (mmol L^−1)	104 ± 1	102 ± 1	103 ± 1	101 ± 2
Urea (mmol L^−1)	7.5 ± 0.6	8.1 ± 0.3	8.5 ± 0.5	8.4 ± 0.2
Creatinine (μmol L^−1)	27 ± 1	20 ± 3*	21 ± 2*	20 ± 3*
GFR (mL min^−1)	2.58 ± 0.16	3.04 ± 0.16*	3.51 ± 0.17*	3.73 ± 0.17*
Kidney weights (g 100 g^−1)	0.43 ± 0.20	0.47 ± 0.06	0.48 ± 0.05	0.47 ± 0.01

Notes: *p < 0.05 in comparison with respective control animals. **p < 0.05 in comparison with respective non-diabetic animals.

Figure 3. Comparison between the effects of OA infusion in anesthetized rats with control animals on FE_{Na prox}, FE_{Na dist} (A) and FE_Li (B). OA was administered at 90 μg h⁻¹ for 1 h 30 min during the treatment period. Values are presented as means, and vertical bars indicate SEM (n = 6 in each group).

Note: *p < 0.05 in comparison with control animals.

Figure 4. The effects of OA on the viability and/or metabolic activity of HepG2 (A), HEK293 (B), and MDBK (C) cells in vitro after exposure to various concentrations of OA for 24, 48, and 72 h. Values are presented as means, and vertical bars indicate SEM (n = 6).

Notes: *p < 0.05 in comparison with control. ♦p < 0.05 in comparison with 24 and 48 h.

Figure 5. The effects of OA on DNA integrity of HEK293 cells in vitro after exposure to various concentrations of OA for 24 and 72 h. Control for 24 h (A), H₂O₂ — 50 μmol L⁻¹ for 24 h (B), OA — 20 μmol L⁻¹ for 24 h (C) and 72 h (D), and 80 μmol L⁻¹ for 24 h (E) and 72 h (F).