Correlation of Serum Lead Levels with Inflammation, Nutritional Status, and Clinical Complications in Hemodialysis Patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of renal failure patients on maintenance HD in three BLLs groups.

	Total	Low BLL group (<8 μg/dL) (n = 31)	Middle BLL group (8–10.6 μg/dL) (n = 31)	High BLL group (>10.6 μg/dL) (n = 31)	p-Value
Male sex	49 (52.7)	16 (51.6)	14 (45.2)	19 (61.3)	0.441
Age (y)	56.4 ± 14.6	59.7 ± 14.4	55.0 ± 15.8	54.4 ± 13.3	0.302
HD duration (month)	82.0 ± 67.7	71.5 ± 61.2	78.0 ± 67.9	96.1 ± 73.0	0.343
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.8 ± 4.7	23.7 ± 4.3	25.2 ± 4.9	25.6 ± 4.8	0.244
Systolic BP (mmHg)	139.9 ± 25.4	137.0 ± 23.8	142.8 ± 26.1	139.8 ± 26.7	0.679
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	85.7 ± 11.3	83.2 ± 14.5	87.0 ± 9.8	86.9 ± 8.9	0.329
RBC (×10 12/L)	3.8 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.4^a	3.7 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.5^a	0.010
Hb (g/dL)	10.7 ± 1.6	11.2 ± 1.4^b	10.9 ± 1.6	10.1 ± 1.6^b	0.022
MCV (fl)	91.6 ± 5.7	93.6 ± 6.5^c	91.8 ± 5.1	89.3 ± 5.5^c	0.041
Hematocrit (%)	31.9 ± 4.5	32.6 ± 5.4	32.8 ± 3.7	31.1 ± 4.6	0.406
Ca (mg/dL)	9.8 ± 1.0	9.6 ± 1.0	9.8 ± 1.0	10.1 ± 0.9	0.112
Phosphate (mg/dL)	7.2 ± 9.7	9.3 ± 16.8	6.0 ± 0.2	6.5 ± 1.2	0.357
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)	580.9 ± 720.7	334.4 ± 404.9^d	547.6 ± 682.4	860.6 ± 904.7^d	0.014
Iron (mg/L)	91.9 ± 77.3	114.1 ± 92.1^e	99.9 ± 86.9	60.5 ± 23.4^e	0.018
TIBC (mg/L)	297.8 ± 83.5	335.2 ± 76.9^f	288.9 ± 84.2	267.9 ± 76.9^f	0.004
Ferritin (μg/L)	716.5 ± 655.2	1006.6 ± 640.1^g	697.2 ± 758.4	445.9 ± 410.6^g	0.003
Uric acid	7.7 ± 1.6	7.5 ± 1.2	7.7 ± 1.7	7.9 ± 1.8	0.679
Albumin (g/dL)	4.3 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.7^h	4.2 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.5^h	0.004
hsCRP (mg/L)	1.1 ± 0.8	0.6 ± 0.4^i	1.0 ± 0.6	1.7 ± 1.4^i	0.017
Kt/V	1.4 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	0.619

Notes: BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RBC, red blood cell; TIBC, total iron-binding capacity.

^{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i}p < 0.05.

*, n (%).

Table 2. Correlation of BLLs with patient characteristics and biochemical parameters in renal failure patients.

	BLLs, r
Age (y)	−0.150
HD duration (month)	0.254
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.263
Systolic BP (mmHg)	0.077
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	0.190
RBC (×10 12/L)	−0.451
Hb (g/dL)	−0.265
MCV (fl)	−0.375**
Hematocrit (%)	−0.078
Ca (mg/dL)	0.211
Phosphate (mg/dL)	0.038
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)	0.337**
Iron	−0.238
TIBC	−0.169
Ferritin (μg/L)	−0.424**
Uric acid	0.096
Albumin (g/dL)	−0.325**
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.283
Kt/V	−0.055

Notes: BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RBC, red blood cell; TIBC, total iron-binding capacity.

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.