Childhood Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Southern Thailand

Figures & data

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showing the probability of recurrence-free survival from UTI at different time periods. The numbers at risk at 2, 5, and 10 years were 229, 135, and 18, respectively. (A) Total cases with 95% confidence interval. (B) Comparison of ages greater and less than 5 years. (C) Comparison of boys and girls. (D) Comparison of underlying diseases.

Table 1. Characteristics of the 307 patients.

	No recurrence	Recurrence	Total
Factors	N = 251	N = 56	N = 307	p-Value*
Age group
0–6 months	88 (35.1%)	19 (33.9%)	107 (34.9%)	–
>6–12 months	48 (19.1%)	7 (12.5%)	55 (17.9%)	0.41
>1–2 years	43 (17.1%)	7 (12.5%)	50 (16.3%)	0.56
>2–5 years	44 (17.5%)	6 (10.7%)	50 (16.3%)	0.36
>5 years	28 (11.2%)	17 (30.4%)	45 (14.7%)	0.01
Sex
Boy	132 (52.6%)	31 (55.4%)	163 (53.1%)	–
Girl	119 (47.4%)	25 (44.6%)	144 (46.9%)	0.71
Underlying diseases
None	168 (66.9%)	14 (25.0%)	182 (59.3%)	–
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)	42 (16.7%)	25 (44.6%)	67 (21.8%)	<0.001
GU anomalies (excl. VUR)	12 (4.8%)	9 (16.1%)	21 (6.8%)	<0.001
Other diseases	29 (11.6%)	8 (14.3%)	37 (12.1%)	0.01
Causative agent
Escherichia coli	205 (81.7%)	31 (55.4%)	236 (76.9%)	–
Klebsiella spp.	16 (6.4%)	8 (14.3%)	24 (7.8%)	0.01
Proteus mirabilis	8 (3.2%)	5 (8.9%)	13 (4.2%)	0.02
Enterococci spp.	7 (2.8%)	3 (5.4%)	10 (3.2%)	0.15
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	4 (1.6%)	1 (1.8%)	5 (1.6%)	0.66
Other	11 (4.4%)	8 (14.3%)	19 (6.2%)	0.002

Note: *Univariate analysis.

Table 2. Characteristics of 460 UTI episodes.

	First UTI episode	Second or later episode	Total
Factors	N = 307	N = 153	N = 460	p-Value*
Causative agent
Escherichia coli	236 (76.9%)	86 (56.2%)	322 (70.0%)	–
Klebsiella spp.	24 (7.8%)	23 (15.0%)	47 (10.2%)	0.002
Proteus mirabilis	13 (4.2%)	7 (4.6%)	20 (4.3%)	0.42
Enterococci spp.	10 (3.3%)	8 (5.2%)	18 (3.9%)	0.11
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	5 (1.6%)	4 (2.6%)	9 (2.0%)	0.25
Other	19 (6.2%)	25 (16.3%)	44 (9.6%)	<0.001
Age at diagnosis
0–6 months	107 (34.9%)	7 (4.6%)	114 (24.8%)	–
>6–12 months	55 (17.9%)	21 (13.7%)	76 (16.5%)	<0.001
>1–2 years	50 (16.9%)	21 (13.7%)	71 (15.4%)	<0.001
>2–5 years	50 (16.3%)	43 (28.1%)	93 (20.2%)	<0.001
>5 years	45 (14.7%)	61 (39.9%)	106 (23.0%)	<0.001

Note: *Univariate analysis.

Table 3. Analysis of various factors at first UTI associated with recurrent UTI.

	Univariate			Multivariate
Factors	OR	95% CI	p-Value	OR	95% CI	p-Value
Age (ref.: ≤5 year)
>5 year	3.5	1.7–6.9	<0.001	2.2	1.0–4.9	0.04
Sex (ref.: boys)
Girls	0.9	0.5–1.6	0.71	1.1	0.6–2.3	0.71
Underlying disease (ref.: none)
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)	7.1	3.4–14.9	<0.001	6.6	3.0–14.3	<0.001
GU anomalies^a (excl. VUR)	9.0	3.2–25.0	<0.001	4.4	1.4–13.9	0.01
Other diseases	3.3	1.3–8.6	0.01	2.4	0.9–6.8	0.09
Causative agent (ref.: Escherichia coli)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	3.3	1.3–8.4	0.01	1.6	0.6–4.7	0.35
Proteus mirabilis	4.1	1.3–13.4	0.02	3.0	0.7–11.7	0.12
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.7	0.2–15.3	0.66	1.2	0.1–12.4	0.90
Enterococci spp.	2.8	0.7–11.5	0.15	1.8	0.4–8.7	0.47
Other	4.8	1.8–12.9	0.002	4.2	1.4–12.8	0.01

Note: ^aGU anomalies: neurogenic bladder, bladder exstrophy, hydronephrosis, posterior urethral valve.