Kidney growth and renal functions under the growth hormone replacement therapy in children

Figures & data

Table 1. Anthropometric measurements, renal functions and kidney sizes in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) in comparison with their control subjects at first evaluation.

	IGHD group (n = 22)	Controls (n = 36)	MPHD (n = 15)	Controls (n = 32)	p
Boys/girls	13/9	24/12	12/3	25/7	^aNS; ^bNS
Age, years	13.1 ± 2.2	13.0 ± 2.1	9.4 ± 4.4	9.6 ± 2.9	^aNS; ^bNS
Weight, kg	32.7 ± 11.9	44.6 ± 12.5	22.9 ± 11.5	29.7 ± 11.7	^a0.006; ^b0.053
Height, cm	132 ± 18	151 ± 13	111 ± 22	133 ± 18	^a0.001; ^b0.008
BMI, kg/m^2	17.8 ± 2.8	18.8 ± 3.4	17.2 ± 3.3	17.3 ± 2.9	^aNS; ^bNS
BSA, m^2	1.09 ± 0.27	1.38 ± 0.24	0.82 ± 0.29	1.11 ± 0.30	^a0.002; ^b0.037
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.48 ± 0.09	0.52 ± 0.11	0.42 ± 0.09	0.49 ± 0.07	^aNS; ^b0.006
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	118 ± 21	129 ± 18	113 ± 13.5	127 ± 19	^a0.039; ^b<0.001
Mean Kidney
Length, mm	90.1 ± 13.4	105.1 ± 11.9	79.2 ± 13.4	95.1 ± 12.8	^a<0.001; ^b<0.010
Depth, mm	37.0 ± 6.5	38.4 ± 5.5	34.5 ± 7.2	37.1 ± 4.6	^aNS; ^bNS
Width, mm	46.3 ± 5.6	48.5 ± 5.1	40.2 ± 6.7	44.8 ± 6.2	^aNS; ^b0.025
Kidney volume, cm^3	164.9 ± 52.7	211.9 ± 59.3	118.9 ± 51.2	164.8 ± 66.6	^a0.010; ^b0.013
Liver long axis, mm	199.1 ± 16.7	225.3 ± 12.2	191.0 ± 11.3	209.5 ± 15.3	^a<0.001; ^b<0.001

Notes: BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

^aDifference between IGHD group and its control, ^bDifference between MPHD group and its control.

NS, not significant.

Table 2. Comparison of low, normal and high kidney sizes in patients and controls using nomograms based on total kidney volume and renal length by age or by height.

	Patients
Nomograms	First evaluation (n = 37)	Second evaluation (n = 23)	Controls (n = 48)	p
Kidney volume by age12
Low	32/37	7/23	8/48	^a<0.001, ^b<0.001
Normal	5/37	12/23	34/48
High	0	4/23	6/48
Kidney length by age13
Low	27/37	5/23	2/48	^a<0.001, ^b<0.001
Normal	10/37	13/23	40/48
High	0	5/23	6/48
Kidney length by height11
Low	4/37	3/23	3/48	^a<0.001, ^b0.002
Normal	33/37	8/23	31/48
High	0	12/23	14/48

Notes: ^aFirst versus second evaluation.

^bFirst evaluation versus controls.

Table 3. Comparison of renal functions and visceral organ growth in 23 children with growth hormone deficiency between first evaluation and after 4-years follow-up period (mean ± standard deviation).

	First measurement (n = 23)	Second measurement after 3 years (n = 23)	^ap
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.47 ± 0.08	0.59 ± 0.15	0.002
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	94 ± 7	109 ± 25	0.008
Body height, cm	125.3 ± 19.2	143.5 ± 20.3	0.001
Mean kidney
Length, mm	85.6 ± 13.1	95.7 ± 13.6	0.014
Depth, mm	35.1 ± 6.3	40.5 ± 4.2	0.001
Width, mm	43.6 ± 5.5	48.1 ± 6.6	0.016
Kidney volume, cm^3	139.3 ± 48.1	200.0 ± 59.7	<0.001
Kidney Volume/BSA, cm^3/m^2	143 ± 26	173 ± 37	0.007
Liver long axis, mm	195.4 ± 10.8	210.7 ± 12.4	<0.001

Note: ^aBy Wilcoxon test for paired-samples, NS: Not significant.

Table 4. Partial correlation coefficients (r) between hormonal parameters and visceral organ measurements at first evaluation, after adjustment for age in children with growth hormone deficiency (n = 37).

	Left kidney length	Right kidney length	Total kidney volume	Liver right lobe	Liver left lobe
Height	0.774***	0.816***	0.776***	0.599**	0.611***
Weight	0.592**	0.600***	0.708***	0.566**	0.861***
BSA	0.689***	0.712***	0.768***	0.611***	0.927***
IGF-1	0.452*	0.445*	0.218	0.299	0.642**
IGFBP-3	0.162	0.242	0.027	0.048	0.054

Notes: BSA, body surface area; GH, growth hormone.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

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