Tocotrienols have a nephroprotective action against lipid-induced chronic renal dysfunction in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of atherogenic diet and treatment with TRF on the levels of plasma lipids in rats.

Groups	Normal	Atherogenic diet for 14 weeks	Untreated arthrogenic rats	TRF-treated arthrogenic rats
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	75.18 ± 11.2	201.50 ± 15.16*	190.55 ± 12.22	71.75 ± 9.7**
Total-C (mg/dL)	45.77 ± 8.2	142.16 ± 14.70*	138.42 ± 12.4	67.94 ± 6.66**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	13.86 ± 2.4	111.67 ± 9.23*	105.61 ± 8.6	49.87 ± 7.8**
HDL-C l(mg/dL)	3.23 ± 0.79	1.95 ± 0.42***	2.1 ± 0.5	7.22 ± 1.1**
VLDL-C (mg/dL)	28.68 ± 4.92	28.54 ± 5.41	26.49 ± 4.9	14.47 ± 3.4**
Atherogenic index	13.17 ± 2.94	71.90 ± 8.32*	63.5 ± 6.8	8.91 ± 3.4**

Notes: Values are mean ± SD.

*p < 0.01 versus control; **p < 0.001 versus atherogenic; and ***p < 0.05 versus control.

Table 2. Effect of atherogenic diet and treatment with TRF on lipid peroxidation and LDL oxidation in rats.

Groups	Normal	Atherogenic diet for 14 weeks	Untreated arthrogenic rats	TRF-treated arthrogenic rats
TBARS (nmol/min/mg protein)^a	1.77 ± 0.22	5.23* ± 1.89	4.88 ± 0.9	2.01** ± 0.4
Conjugated dienes (nmol/min/mL)^b	6.08 ± 1.56	13.66* ± 2.34	10.89 ± 1.9	7.34** ± 1.9

Notes: Values are mean ± SD.

^aTBARS were measured in aortae homogenates.

^bConjugated dienes were measured in LDL.

*p < 0.01 versus control and **p < 0.001 versus atherogenic.

Table 3. Effect of atherogenic diet and treatment with TRF on the levels of serum nitric oxide in rats.

Groups	Normal	Atherogenic diet for 14 weeks	Untreated arthrogenic rats	TRF-treated arthrogenic rats
Serum Nitric oxide (NO) (μmol/dL)	2.60 ± 0.89	4.70* ± 1.66	4.5 ± 1.35	1.3** ± 0.5

Notes: Values are mean ± SD.

*p < 0.05 versus control and **p < 0.001 versus atherogenic.

Figure 1. Microscopic graphs showing the atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Sections stained with Oil-Red-O and hematoxylin, 40×. (A) Rats fed with normal rat chow; (B) rats given atherogenic diet; and (C) atherogenic rats treated with TRF for six weeks.

Figure 2. (A) Effect of TRF on serum creatinine in experimental atherogenic rats. Values are mean ± SD. *p < 0.01 versus control; **p < 0.01 versus atherogenic diet (AD) and (B) effect of TRF on creatinine clearance in experimental atherogenic rats. Values are mean ± SD. *p < 0.01 versus control; **p < 0.01 versus atherogenic diet (AD).

Figure 3. Effect of TRF on excretion of urinary protein in experimental atherogenic rats. Values are mean ± SD. *p < 0.01 versus control; **p < 0.01 versus atherogenic diet (AD).

Figure 4. Effect of TRF on excretion of urinary nitric oxide in experimental atherogenic rats. Values are mean ± SD. *p < 0.01 versus control; **p < 0.01 versus atherogenic diet (AD).

Figure 5. Histology of representative glomeruli at 40X magnification from control rats (A), rats given atherogenic diet (B) and TRF-treated rats (C). Jones PAS-stained glomeruli show expanded mesangium, widening of matrix in atherogenic experimental groups relative to control. The treatment with TRF reduced the widening of matrix and mesangial expansion as compared to untreated rats.