The impact of alpha-lipoic acid on amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity

Figures & data

Table 1. The biochemical markers of oxidative stress.

Groups	MDA (µmol/mg protein)	CAT (ku/mg protein)	SOD (U/mg protein)	GPx (IU/L protein)
Control	2.19 ± 0.15	0.020 ± 0.004	0.060 ± 0.010	5.594 ± 1.61
Amikacin	2.51 ± 0.36	0.011 ± 0.003^a	0.020 ± 0.008^a	5.590 ± 1.57
Amikacin + ALA	1.97 ± 0.35^b	0.015 ± 0.006^b	0.051 ± 0.007	5.710 ± 0.88

Notes: ^ap < 0.05 versus control group.

^bp < 0.05 versus AK.

Table 2. Serum renal function tests.

Groups	BUN (mg/dL)	Creatinin (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)
Control	15.50 ± 1.04	0.57 ± 0.07	34.97 ± 3.26
Amikacin	24.20 ± 7.04^a	0.89 ± 0.27^a	52.19 ± 15.04^a
Amikacin + ALA	13.80 ± 4.96^b	0.57 ± 0.15^b	29.44 ± 10.75^b

Notes: ^ap < 0.05 versus control group.

^bp < 0.05 versus AK.

Figure 1. Control group. Kidney tissues were normal in control (×10).

Figure 2. Control group. Kidney tissues were normal in control (×40).

Figure 3. Amikacin group. Vascular congestion (arrow) (×10).

Figure 4. Amikacin group. Mononuclear cell infiltration (arrow), tubular dilatation and congestion (arrow head) (×40).

Table 3. Histopathological analysis of kidneys.

	Control (n = 6)				Amikacin^a (n = 6)				Amikacin + ALA^b (n=6)
	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3
Glomeruler congestion	6	0	0	0	0	0	2	4	0	5	1	0
Mononuclear cell infiltration	5	1	0	0	0	3	3	0	0	4	2	0
Tubuler dilatation	4	2	0	0	0	0	4	2	0	4	2	0
Cortical and meduller hemorrhage	6	0	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	5	1	0
Tubuler degeneration	5	1	0	0	0	0	4	2	0	4	2	0

Notes: ^aAmikacin increased renal injury, p < 0.05 versus control.

^bALA reduced renal injury, p < 0.05 versus amikacin.

The bold numbers show rating of histological changes: (0) score, no structural damage; (1) score, minimal damage; (2) score, middle damage; and (3) score, severe damage.

The light color numbers show the number of groups (0–6).

Figure 5. Amikacin + alpha lipoic acid group. Tubular dilatation (arrow) (×10).

Figure 6. Amikacin + alpha lipoic acid group (×40).