Açai berry extract attenuates glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison between group Pr1 (normal control group), group Pr2 (ARF model group), group Pr3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day/7day) and group Pr4 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days) regarding kidney function tests when assessed 24 h after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between the treated groups (Pr3, Pr4), Pr1 normal control group and Pr2 model group was determined using Tukey’s test. *p < 0.001 versus Pr1 normal control group, ∞p < 0.001 versus Pr2 ARF model group. #p < 0.001 versus Pr3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen.

Figure 2. Comparison between group T1 (normal control group), group T2 (ARF model group), group T3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group T4 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7days) regarding kidney function tests when assessed 7 days after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between T the treated groups (T3, T4), T1 normal control group and T2 model group was determined using Tukey’s test. *p < 0.001 versus T1 normal control group, ∞p < 0.001 versus T2 ARF model group, #p < 0.001 versus T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. T: treatment, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen.

Table 1. Comparison between group Pr1 (normal control group), group Pr2 (ARF model group), group T3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7days), group Pr3 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day) and group Pr4 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day for 7days), before induction of ARF regarding kidney function tests, renal GSH and renal CAT when assessed 24 h after induction of ARF.

Parameter	Group Pr1 normal control group	Group Pr2 ARF model group	Group Pr3 ABE (100 mg/kg) group	Group Pr4 ABE (200 mg/kg) group
Serum urea (mg/dl)	19.87 ± 7.13	126.85 ± 3.43*	81.69 ± 4.42∞	65.86 ± 5.38∞#
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	0.88 ± 0.07	5.12 ± 0.65*	3.16 ± 0.16∞	2.72 ± 0.08∞#
BUN (mg/dl)	9.27 ± 1.40	41.26 ± 0.80*	36.59 ± 0.80∞	32.78 ± 2.54∞#
Renal GSH (mg/g/g wet tissue)	92.59 ± 2.04	62.27 ± 2.00*	74.43 ± 1.43∞	81.95 ± 2.35∞#
Renal CAT (μmol/H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein)	253.8 ± 2.91	185.3 ± 4.27*	201.9 ± 1.87∞	211.0 ± 2.63∞#
Histopathological renal damage scoring	0 ± 0.00	8.80 ± 0.63*	6.10 ± 0.56∞	4.60 ± 0.51∞#

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance between the Pr treated groups, Pr1 normal control group and Pr2 model group was determined using Tukey's test. Pr: prophylaxis, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, GSH: reduced glutathione, CAT: catalase.

*p < 0.001 versus Pr1 normal control group.

∞p < 0.001 versus Pr2 ARF model group.

#p < 0.001 versus T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day) group.

Table 2. Comparison between group T1 (normal control group), group T2 (ARF model group), group T3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group T4 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days) regarding kidney function tests, renal GSH and renal CAT when assessed 7 days after induction of ARF.

Parameter	Group T1 normal control group	Group T2 ARF model group	Group T3 ABE (100 mg/kg)	Group T4 ABE (200 mg/kg) group
Serum urea (mg/dl)	20.40 ± 7.32	152.04 ± 9.28*	75.69 ± 4.42∞	64.86 ± 5.38∞#
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	0.87 ± 0.06	5.89 ± 0.41*	3.54 ± 0.22∞	2.12 ± 0.07∞#
BUN (mg/dl)	8.87 ± 1.40	31.26 ± 0.70*	26.54 ± 0.60∞	19.67 ± 2.51∞#
Renal GSH (mg/g/g wet tissue)	93.82 ± 2.04	63.93 ± 2.10*	72.66 ± 1.61∞	79.95 ± 1.35∞#
Renal CAT (μmol/H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein)	254.8 ± 2.71	175.1 ± 4.47*	221.2 ± 1.82∞	229.0 ± 1.63∞#
Histopathological renal damage scoring	0 ± 0.00	9.76 ± 0.60*	6.45 ± 0.50∞	4.23 ± 0.31∞#

Notes: T: treatment, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, GSH: reduced glutathione, CAT: catalase. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance between the treated groups, normal control group and model group was determined using Tukey's test.

*p < 0.001 versus T1 normal control group.

∞p < 0.001 versus T2 ARF model group.

#p < 0.001 versus T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group.

Figure 3. Comparison between group Pr1 (normal control group), group Pr2 (ARF model group), group Pr3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group Pr4 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days) regarding oxidative stress markers (renal GSH and renal CAT) when assessed 24 h after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between the treated groups (Pr3, Pr4), Pr1 normal control group and Pr2 model group was determined using Tukey’s test. *p < 0.001 versus Pr1 normal control group, ∞p < 0.001 versus Pr2 ARF model group, #p < 0.001 versus Pr3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. Pr: prophylaxis, ABE: Açai berry extract; ARF: acute renal failure; GSH: reduced glutathione.

Figure 4. Comparison between group T1 (normal control group), group T2 (ARF model group), group T3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group T4 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) regarding oxidative stress markers (renal GSH and renal CAT) when assessed 7 days after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between T the treated groups (T3, T4), T1 normal control group and T2 model group was determined using Tukey’s test. *p < 0.001 versus T1 normal control group, ^∞p < 0.001 versus T2 ARF model group, #p < 0.001 versus T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. T: treatment, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure, GSH: reduced glutathione.

Figure 5. Histopathological changes in the prophylactic study groups. (a) Pr1: Normal control group showing a section of normal kidney (H&E staining; 400×). (b) Pr2: ARF model group showing about 50% necrotic cortical tubules with casts (H&E; 400×). (c) Pr3: ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group showing less than 30% necrotic tubules with some casts (H&E; 400×). (d) Pr4: ABE (200 mg/kg/day)-treated group showing occasional necrotic tubules (H&E; 400×).

Figure 6. Comparison between group Pr2 (ARF model group), group Pr3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for7 days) and group Pr4 (ABE 200 mg/kg/day for 7days) regarding renal histopathological scoring when assessed 24 h after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between the Pr-treated groups (Pr3, Pr4) and Pr2 model group, was determined using Tukey’s test. ∞p < 0.001 versus Pr2 ARF model group, #p < 0.001 versus Pr3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. Pr: Prophylaxis, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure.

Figure 7. Histopathological changes in the therapeutic study groups. (a) T1: Normal control group showing a section of normal kidney (H&E staining; 400×). (b) T2 ARF model group showing more than 70% necrotic cortical tubules with many casts (H&E; 400×). (c) T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group showing about 30% necrotic tubules with casts (H&E; 400×). (d) T4 ABE (200 mg/kg/day)-treated group showing about some necrotic tubules (H&E; 400×).

Figure 8. Comparison between group T2 (ARF model group), group T3 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group T4 (ABE 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) regarding renal histopathological scoring when assessed 7 days after induction of ARF. Notes: The statistical significance between the treated groups (T3, T4) and T2 model group was determined using Tukey's test. ∞p < 0.001 versus T2 ARF model group, #p < 0.001 versus T3 ABE (100 mg/kg/day)-treated group. T: treatment, ABE: Açai berry extract, ARF: acute renal failure.