The usefulness of carvedilol and nebivolol in preventing contrast nephropathy in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Histopathological findings of renal tissue after exposure to contrast media (200×, hematoxylin–eosin). (A) Degeneration of tubules. (B) Interstitial inflammation, slight tubular dilatation, and congestion.

Table 1. Multiple comparisons of urea and creatinine by experimental groups.

Groups	Urea pre (mg/dL)	Urea post	p	Creatinine pre (mg/dL)	Creatinine post	p
CVCM	45.85 ± 4.63	42.57 ± 4.96	0.037*	0.55 ± 0.04	0.56 ± 0.02	0.216
NVCM	39.57 ± 0.13	40.42 ± 7.59	0.797	0.53 ± 0.03	0.52 ± 0.009	0.397
CV	39.57 ± 4.89	41.42 ± 6.32	0.374	0.51 ± 0.02	0.502 ± 0.0205	0.403
NV	43.57 ± 7.27	40.71 ± 4.46	0.300	0.52 ± 0.03	0.53 ± 0.0207	0.620
C	41.33 ± 7.44	39.5 ± 4.37	0.612	0.49 ± 0.02	0.49 ± 0.0206	0.822
CM	46.33 ± 2.94	46.66 ± 12.62	0.938	0.505 ± 0.019	0.585 ± 0.16	0.067

Note: C = control; CV = carvedilol; NV = nebivolol; CM = contrast media; CVCM = carvedilol + contrast media; NVCM = nebivolol + contrast media.

General Linear Model Repeated ANOVA (Wilks’ Lambda); Paired t-Test–Independent t-test.

*p < 0.05.

Table 2. Level of antioxidants and oxidant capacity.

	C	CV	NV	CM	CVCM	NVCM
MDA (nmol/mg protein)	260.13 ± 12.88	270.94†† ± 8.37	274.28 ± 4.68	342.96*,§ ± 11.58	302.82† ± 19.101	307.03≈ ± 16.47
SOD (U/mg protein)	1.26 ± 0.087	1.29 ± 0.105	1.27 ± 0.12	1.163‡ ± 0.181	1.2928 ± 0.18	1.27 ± 0.12
TAC (Trolox equivalent/mg protein)	25.55 ± 4.058	28.51 ± 3.86	28.27 ± 4.33	12.404# ± 4.88	24.46 ± 5.04	21.13 ± 2.70

Note: C = control; CV = carvedilol; NV = nebivolol; CM = contrast media; CVCM = carvedilol + contrast media; NVCM = nebivolol + contrast media; MDA = malondialdehyde; SOD = superoxide dismutase; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; p < 0.05, significant.

*p < 0.001 versus C, CV, and NV.

§p < 0.01 versus CVCM and NVCM.

‡p > 0.05 versus other groups.

#p < 0.001 versus other groups.

†p > 0.05 versus C, CV, NV, and NVCM.

≈p > 0.05 versus C, CV, and NV.

††p > 0.05 versus C and NV.

Table 3. Histopathological findings in renal tissue.

			Groups
Findings	Control	CM	CV	CVCM	N	NCM	p
Expansion of Bowman’s capsule	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.42 ± 0.20^b	0.42 ± 0.20^b	0.14 ± 0.14^b	NS
Degeneration in tubule epithelium	0.16 ± 0.16^b	1.50 ± 0.34^a	0.14 ± 0.14^b	0.28 ± 0.18^b	0.14 ± 0.14^b	0.28 ± 0.18^b	**
Necrosis of tubular epithelium	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.16 ± 0.16^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	NS
Dilatation of tubules	0.33 ± 0.20^b	1.16 ± 0.16^a	0.28 ± 0.18^b	0.14 ± 0.14^b	0.042 ± 0.20^b	0.042 ± 0.20^b	*
Interstitial inflammation	0.53 ± 0.21^b	1.66 ± 0.33^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.57 ± 0.20^b	0.57 ± 0.20^b	0.57 ± 0.20^b	**
Vascular congestion	0.66 ± 0.21^b	1.00 ± 0.00^b	0.57 ± 0.20^b	0.85 ± 0.14^b	0.57 ± 0.20^b	1.00 ± 0.00^b	NS

Note: C = control; CV = carvedilol; NV = nebivolol; CM = contrast media; CVCM = carvedilol + contrast media; NVCM = nebivolol + contrast media; NS = not significant.

^a,bIndicate statistically significant differences in the same row.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.