Rutin attenuates gentamicin-induced renal damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of rutin and gentamicin on serum markers of renal function and on MDA, GSH and antioxidant enzymes in rat kidney tissues.

Parameter	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
Urea (mg/dL)	7.70 ± 0.22	6.22 ± 0.21	37.33 ± 0.90^a	11.37 ± 0.29^b
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.60 ± 0.02	0.74 ± 0.02	4.75 ± 0.15^a	1.28 ± 0.03^b
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	73.73 ± 1.46	75.55 ± 1.35	150.03 ± 3.70^a	86.76 ± 2.03^b
SOD (U/g protein)	35.24 ± 1.12	42.33 ± 1.14^d	19.46 ± 0.87^a	32.24 ± 1.03
CAT (katal/g protein)	81.73 ± 0.82	87.32 ± 0.79^c	61.22 ± 1.14^a	74.29 ± 1.45^b
GPx (U/g protein)	41.31 ± 0.53	46.11 ± 1.19^d	34.14 ± 0.36^a	41.31 ± 1.42
GSH (nmol/g tissue)	5.66 ± 0.13	5.94 ± 0.17	3.58 ± 0.08^a	4.69 ± 0.06^b

Notes: MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione.

Group I: control group; Group II: rutin-treated group; Group III: gentamicin-treated group; Group IV: gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated group.

All the values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of six rats in each group.

^ap < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated groups.

^bp < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-treated groups.

^cp < 0.05 versus control group.

^dp < 0.05 versus control and gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated groups.

Figure 1. Histopathological appearance in Group I (A), Group II (B), Group III (C), and Group IV (D). H&E-stained rat kidney sections.

Table 2. Assessment of degenerative and necrotic changes graded as none (0), mild (1), moderate (2), severe (3) and extremely severe (4) by light microscopy of kidney sections at 20 × magnification in 10 randomly selected areas.

Histopathological finding	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
Necrosis and degeneration	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a	3.77 ± 0.14^b	3.00 ± 0.00^c

Notes: Group I: control group; Group II: rutin-treated group; Group III: gentamicin-treated group; Group IV: gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated group.

All the values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of six rats in each group.

^ap < 0.05 versus gentamicin-treated and gentamicin-plus-rutin treated groups.

^bp < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated groups.

^cp < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-treated groups.

Figure 2. Expression of iNOS in Group I (A), Group II (B), Group III (C), and Group IV (D).

Figure 3. Expression of cleaved caspase-3 in Group I (A), Group II (B), Group III (C), and Group IV (D).

Figure 4. Expression of LC3B in Group I (A), Group II (B), Group III (C), and Group IV (D).

Table 3. Immunopositivity of iNOS, cleaved caspase 3, and LC3B in the kidney tissues of rats.

Immunostaining	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
iNOS	1.57 ± 0.20^a	1.62 ± 0.26^a	4.00 ± 0.00^b	3.14 ± 0.14^c
Cleaved  caspase 3	1.44 ± 0.17^a	1.60 ± 0.24^a	3.85 ± 0.14^b	3.14 ± 0.14^c
LC3B	1.57 ± 0.20^a	1.42 ± 0.20^a	3.87 ± 0.12^b	3.00 ± 0.00^c

Notes: Group I: control group; Group II: rutin-treated group; Group III: gentamicin-treated group; Group IV: gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated group.

All the values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of six rats in each group.

^ap < 0.05 versus gentamicin-treated and gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated groups.

^bp < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-plus-rutin-treated groups.

^cp < 0.05 versus control, rutin-treated and gentamicin-treated groups.