Association of kidney and cysts dimensions with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with ADPKD

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the ADPKD patients and the control group.

Parameters	ADPKD group (n = 49)	Control group (n = 50)	p-value^a
Age (years)	35.9 ± 11.1	36.7 ± 9.2	0.62
Sex (% males)	19 (39%)	22 (44%)	0.68
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.1 ± 4.9	24.4 ± 3.7	0.63
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.84 ± 0.18	0.80 ± 0.15	0.54
eGFRMDRD  [mL/min/1.73 m^2]	98.0 ± 21.1	103.1 ± 19.9	0.27
Hypertension	29 (59%)	4 (8%)	<0.00001
SBP (mmHg)	133.88 ± 19.77	122.16 ± 14.91	0.002
DBP (mmHg)	92.92 ± 12.43	82.86 ± 9.30	0.00005
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	91.61 ± 10.53	87.45 ± 9.19	0.04
OGTT 2-h glucose  (mg/dL)	89.59 ± 21.37	97.87 ± 24.33	0.5
Fasting insulin (µU/mL)	9.00 ± 4.77	8.38 ± 4.47	0.42
OGTT 2-h insulin(µU/mL)	40.62 ± 48.05	48.7 ± 47.93	0.10
Fasting C-peptide (µU/mL)	2.26 ± 0.69	2.05 ± 0.67	0.097
OGTT 2-h C-peptide  (µU/mL)	7.52 ± 2.98	7.59 ± 2.97	0.94
Mg^2+ (mmol/L)	0.81 ± 0.09	0.85 ± 0.05	0.021

Notes: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastole blood pressure; eGFR_MDRD, glomerular filtration rate estimated according to Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula; Mg²⁺, magnesium; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SBP, systole blood pressure. Data are given as mean ± SD or number (percentage) of patients.

^aADPKD versus control group; Fisher exact test for qualitative variables and Mann–Whitney test for quantitative variables were used.

Table 2. Kidney and cysts parameters of ADPKD patients and controls stratified by gender.

	ADPKD group (n = 49)			Control group (n = 50)
Parameter	Females (n=30)	Males (n=19)	p-value females vs. males	Females (n = 28)	Males (n = 22)	p-value females vs. males
Number of subjects with kidney cysts	30 (100%)	19 (100%)	1.0	5 (18%)	4 (18%)	1.0
Total number of cysts in both kidneys	4.8 ± 1.3	4.7 ± 1.1	0.59	0.3 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.4	0.93
Maximal kidney cyst diameter^a (mm)	56.3 ± 29.6	38.2 ± 17.2	0.034	3.0 ± 8.2	2.1 ± 4.7	0.95
Mean kidney cyst diameter^b (mm)	21.9 ± 11	18.7 ± 7.2	0.38	11.6 ± 3.2	11.8 ± 2.1	0.61
Mean kidney length (mm)	147.8 ± 23.1	144.1 ± 20.5	0.59	109.2 ± 5.4	116.1 ± 5.9	0.00012
Number of subjects with liver cysts	15 (50%)	6 (32%)	0.25	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.0
Total number of cysts in liver	1.1 ± 1.3	0.6 ± 1.0	0.15	–	–	–
Mean liver cyst diameter^c (mm)	24.9 ± 15.1	17.5 ± 3.2	0.24	–	–	–

Notes: ^aIn controls without kidney cysts value “0” was used for calculation.

^bMean value was calculated for each kidney and mean of these values is presented. Kidneys without cysts were not included in the analysis.

^cLivers without cysts were not included in the analysis.

Table 3. Correlations of kidney and cyst parameters with blood pressure values and biochemical parameters in ADPKD patients and controls.

	ADPKD group (n = 49)						Control group (n = 50)
	Mean kidney length		Maximal cyst diameter		Mean cyst diameter		Mean kidney length		Maximal cyst diameter		Mean cyst diameter
Parameters	Rs	p	Rs	p	Rs	p	Rs	p	Rs	p	Rs	p
Age	0.46	0.0082	0.33	0.02	0.44	0.0018	−0.03	0.85	−0.18	0.21	0.16	0.68
SBP	0.38	0.0064	0.34	0.017	0.39	0.0051	0.13	0.37	−0.16	0.27	0.25	0.52
DBP	0.37	0.008	0.26	0.069	0.37	0.0096	0.18	0.22	−0.05	0.75	0.07	0.85
Weight	0.21	0.15	0.09	0.55	0.25	0.087	0.61	<0.0001	−0.02	0.89	−0.13	0.74
Height	0.02	0.90	−0.17	0.24	0.01	0.97	0.57	<0.0001	0.03	0.86	−0.27	0.48
eGFRMDRD	−0.44	0.006	−0.38	0.0065	−0.49	0.00032	0.24	0.096	0.06	0.66	0.50	0.17
Fasting glucose	0.29	0.045	0.22	0.12	0.19	0.18	0.21	0.15	0.14	0.32	0.71	0.034
OGTT 2-h glucose	0.38	0.007	0.28	0.052	0.23	0.10	0.03	0.84	−0.08	0.58	0.37	0.33
Fasting insulin	0.08	0.59	0.14	0.32	−0.02	0.92	−0.03	0.83	0.07	0.62	0.07	0.87
OGTT 2-h insulin	0.13	0.37	0.20	0.18	0.06	0.67	−0.17	0.23	−0.041	0.77	0.44	0.24
Fasting C-peptide	0.26	0.066	0.22	0.13	0.16	0.27	0.12	0.42	−0.01	0.95	−0.12	0.76
OGTT 2-h C-peptide	0.33	0.021	0.44	0.0016	0.30	0.04	−0.25	0.083	−0.05	0.73	0.25	0.51
Na^+	0.22	0.14	0.13	0.39	0.15	0.32	0.29	0.039	0.00	0.98	0.58	0.10
K^+	0.18	0.23	0.24	0.091	0.39	0.0054	0.06	0.69	0.03	0.83	0.31	0.41
Ca^2+	0.14	0.35	0.06	0.69	0.15	0.29	0.15	0.31	0.16	0.27	−0.05	0.89
Mg^2+	−0.37	0.0095	−0.36	0.012	−0.23	0.11	0.26	0.069	0.09	0.53	0.26	0.50
Pi	−0.05	0.74	−0.03	0.87	−0.12	0.40	−0.36	0.0099	−0.09	0.54	−0.13	0.75

Notes: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease formula; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Spearman's rank correlations coefficients (Rs) and corresponding p values are presented.

Table 4. GLM analysis of associations between gender, age and mean cyst diameter, treated as independent variables and glomerular filtration rate (GFR_MDRD) treated as dependent variable.

Independent variables	Beta	p
Female gender	−0.06	0.63
Age	−0.40	0.0042
Ln (mean cyst diameter)^a	−0.29	0.039

^aLogarithmical transformation was performed to normalize the distribution.

Table 5. GLM analysis of associations between gender, age and mean cyst diameter, treated as independent variables and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) treated as dependent variable.

Independent variables	Beta	p
Female gender	−0.17	0.24
Age	+0.01	0.93
Ln (mean cyst diameter)^a	+0.37	0.019

^aLogarithmical transformation was performed to normalize the distribution.