Inflammation is associated to volume status in peritoneal dialysis patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of demographic, clinic, and echocardiographic parameters between hypervolemic patients and euvolemic patients.

	Hypervolemic group (n: 56)	Euvolemic group (n: 98)	p Value
Age (year)	47.7 ± 14.1	46.9 ± 13.2	0.711
Female (%)/male (%)	41 (73.2)/15 (26.8)	27 (27.6)/71 (72.4)	<0.001
Peritoneal dialysis duration (mo)	30 (1–151)	11 (1–123)	0.001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	27.5 ± 6.1	25.1 ± 4.5	0.012
Presence of diabetes mellitus (%)	15 (26.8)	34 (34.7)	0.203
Peritoneal transport status			0.592
Low (%)	3 (5.4)	5 (5.1)
Low-average (%)	20 (35.7)	25 (25.5)
High-average (%)	22 (39.3)	44 (44.9)
High (%)	11 (19.6)	24 (24.5)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	140 (100–220)	140 (80–230)	0.344
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	90 (60–130)	90 (60–140)	0.362
Heart rate (beat/min)	85 (61–118)	82 (59–109)	0.469
ECW/TBW ratio	0.47 ± 0.03	0.36 ± 0.05	<0.001
Use of ACEI or ARB (%)	22 (39.3)	33 (33.7)	0.299
Use of beta blocker (%)	14 (25.0)	22 (22.4)	0.432
Left ventricular mass (g)	186 (83–392)	173 (76–657)	0.498
Left ventricular mass index (g/m^2)	112 (49–248)	98 (49–327)	0.081
Presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (%)	30 (53.6)	30 (30.6)	0.004
Ejection fraction (%)	65.9 ± 10.2	66.3 ± 9.9	0.809

Note: ECW, extracellular volume; TBW, total body water; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.

Table 2. Comparison of laboratory parameters between hypervolemic patients and euvolemic patients.

	Hypervolemic group (n: 56)	Euvolemic group (n: 98)	p Value
White blood cell count (mm^3)	7522 ± 2343	7277 ± 1989	0.492
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	10.8 ± 1.6	11.6 ± 1.9	0.003
Glucose (mg/dL)	106 (77–299)	100 (66–458)	0.356
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	198 ± 48	199 ± 63	0.891
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	144 (37–471)	148 (46–537)	0.823
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	36 ± 12	38 ± 15	0.554
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	127 ± 38	126 ± 52	0.904
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	55 ± 17	54 ± 15	0.535
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	8.6 ± 3.2	8.6 ± 3.8	0.930
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.6 ± 0.8	8.7 ± 0.9	0.270
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	4.5 ± 1.3	4.4 ± 1.4	0.798
Calcium x phosphorus (mg^2/dL^2)	41 ± 11	41 ± 14	0.846
Serum total protein (g/dL)	6.6 ± 0.7	6.5 ± 0.6	0.334
Serum albumin (g/dL)	3.2 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.4	0.370
hs-CRP (mg/L)	7.1 (3.1–44.0)	4.3 (3.1–39.6)	0.015
hs-CRP category			0.019
Normal (0–6 mg/L) (%)	25 (44.6)	62 (63.3)
High (higher than 6 mg/L) (%)	31 (55.4)	36 (36.7)
Intact parathormon (pg/mL)	138 (17–786)	198 (17–1923)	0.011
Weekly total Kt/V urea	2.4 (1.7–5.5)	2.4 (1.6–5.8)	0.447
Weekly peritoneal Kt/V urea	2.0 (1.2–3.7)	1.8 (1.0–2.7)	0.021
Weekly residual Kt/V urea	0.2 (0–1.6)	0.4 (0–3.7)	0.046
Weekly total creatinine clearance (mL/min)	69 (49–231)	87 (43–244)	0.001
Weekly peritoneal creatinine clearance (mL/min)	51 (39–76)	52 (31–226)	0.772
Weekly residual creatinine clearance (mL/min)	8 (0–73)	19 (0–198)	0.033

Table 3. Univariate and multiple (by Backward–Wald model) logistic regression analysis for risk factors considered to be related with hypervolemia.

	Univariate analysis		Multiple analysis
Risk factor	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Age	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	0.709	–	–
Gender (male or female)	7.19 (3.43–15.05)	<0.001	9.95 (3.46–28.56)	<0.001
Peritoneal dialysis duration	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.012	–	–
Diabetes mellitus (yes or no)	1.42 (0.71–2.99)	0.312	–	–
Peritoneal transport status (low or high)	1.58 (0.80–3.13)	0.190	–	–
Body mass index	1.09 (1.02–1.17)	0.008	–	–
Use of ACEI or ARB (no or yes)	1.28 (0.65–2.51)	0.485	–	–
Hemoglobin	0.75 (0.62–0.92)	0.005	–	–
Low-density lipoprotein	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.903	–	–
Calcium x phosphorus	1.00 (0.97–1.02)	0.845	–	–
Serum albumin	0.73 (0.36–1.46)	0.368	–	–
hs-CRP	1.05 (1.01–1.08)	0.010	1.06 (1.01–1.11)	0.010
Peritoneal Kt/V urea	3.14 (1.24–7.94)	0.016	–	–
Residual Kt/V urea	0.40 (0.19–0.88)	0.022	0.26 (0.09–0.74)	0.012

Note: OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, BMI: body mass index, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, hs-CRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein

Table 4. Comparison of risk factors considered to be related with hypervolemia between male and female patients.

	Female patients (n: 68)	Male patients (n: 86)	p Value
Peritoneal dialysis duration (month)	23 (1–151)	12 (3–123)	0.023
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	27.2 ± 6.1	25.1 ± 4.3	0.014
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	10.6 ± 1.4	11.8 ± 2.0	<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/L)	4.6 (3.1–44.0)	5.6 (3.1–42.3)	0.221
Peritoneal Kt/V urea	2.1 (1.3–3.7)	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	0.001
Residual Kt/V urea	0.1 (0–3.6)	0.4 (0–3.7)	0.120