Retrobulbar blood flow and carotid intima–media thickness alteration may relate to subclinic atherosclerosis in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases

Figures & data

Table 1. Coefficient variation of retrobulbar blood flow and RI of study population.

	Mean value	Standard deviation (SD)	Coefficient variation (CV)
CRA PSV, cm/s	12.4	1.25	10.1
CRA EDV, cm/s	3.1	0.3	9.9
CRARI	0.73	0.07	9.8
PCA PSV, cm/s	11.9	1.22	10.3
PCA EDV, cm/s	4	0.4	10.4
PCARI	0.64	0.06	9.6
OA PSV, cm/s	36.3	3.15	8.7
OA EDV, cm/s	10.9	0.91	8.4
OA RI	0.67	0.05	7.9

Notes: CRA: central retinal artery, EDV: end diastolic velocity, OA: ophtalmic artery, PCA: posterior cilliary artery, PSV: peak systolic velocity, RI: resistivity index.

Table 2. Demographic properties.

	Amyloid group (n = 14)	Control group (n = 14)	p Value
Age, y
Median	40	50	0.26
Interquartile range	33–50	38–54
Gender, M/F	8/6	9/5	0.69
SBP, mmHg
Median	141	115	0.17
Interquartile range	129–147	100–143
DBP, mmHg
Median	80	75	0.51
Interquartile range	77--89	70--90
BMI, kg/m^2
Median	27.7	27.4	0.63
Interquartile range	26.1–31.8	22.9–29.1
WC, cm
Median	92	90	0.66
Interquartile range	81–103	75–101

Notes: BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, M: male, F: female, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3. Biochemical assessment.

	All (n = 28)	Amyloid group (n = 14)	Control group (n = 14)	p Value
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL
Median	95	88	98	0.28
Interquartile range	84–105	83–108	95–110
Urea, mg/dL
Median	34	36	28	0.16
Interquartile range	26–47	28–54	24–32
Creatinine, mg/dL
Median	0.89	1.14	0.82	0.21
Interquartile range	0.75–1.41	0.83–1.48	0.63–0.95
Alanin aminotranspherase, IU/L
Median	27	29	25	0.78
Interquartile range	21–43	21–36	24–56
Aspartate aminotranspherase, mg/dL
Median	27	31	22	0.96
Interquartile range	19–40	14–40	20–39
Alkalane phosphatase, IU/L
Median	82	77	87	0.55
Interquartile range	47–131	55–131	39–112
Gama glutamyl transpherase, IU/L
Median	22	22	19	0.61
Interquartile range	17–34	19–29	14–76
Protein, g/dL
Median	6.87	6.9	6.6	0.95
Interquartile range	6.05–6.98	5.9–7.1	6.2–6.9
Albumin, g/dL
Median	4	4.3	3.8	0.84
Interquartile range	3.7–4.6	3.7–4.6	3.7–4
Total cholesterol
Median	201	196	220	0.95
Interquartile range	161–230	161–247	190–230
Low density lipoprotein – cholesterol
Median	108	105	136	0.46
Interquartile range	88–156	87–154	120–147
High density lipoprotein – cholesterol, mg/dL
Median	40	40	40	0.89
Interquartile range	35–55	34–60	38–45
Triglyceride, mg/dL
Median	196	196	177	0.31
Interquartile range	125–263	126–281	130–205
High sensitive-C reactive protein, mg/L
Median	0.68	1.00	0.25	0.005
Interquartile range	0.17–1.03	0.65–1.75	0.11–0.70

Table 4. Echocardiographic parameters.

	All (n = 28)	Amyloid group (n = 14)	Control group (n = 14)	p Value
Aortic systolic diameter, mm
Median	34	31	35	0.47
Interquartile range	31–35	30.5–35.5	32–35
Aortic diastolic diameter, mm
Median	31.5	29.5	32	0.26
Interquartile range	28–34	24.5–33	29–34
E, m/s
Median	0.70	0.72	0.69	0.49
Interquartile range	0.55–0.78	0.60–0.83	0.55–0.77
A, m/s
Median	0.57	0.61	0.71	0.89
Interquartile range	0.70–0.77	0.59–0.77	0.51–0.90
Deceleration time, ms
Median	198	202	196	0.32
Interquartile range	177–205	179–221	152–201
IVRT, ms
Median	118	128	111	0.31
Interquartile range	104–135	104–139	104–118
Smlat, m/s
Median	0.08	0.12	0.07	0.008
Interquartile range	0.06–0.11	0.08–0.14	0.06–0.08
Elat, m/s
Median	0.11	0.14	0.11	0.14
Interquartile range	0.08–0.15	0.10–0.16	0.07–0.13
Alateral, m/s
Median	0.11	0.12	0.10	0.09
Interquartile range	0.08–0.13	0.11–0.14	0.08–0.12
IVCT-lateral, ms
Median	67	74	67	0.91
Interquartile range	59–85	56–86	59–85
IVRT-lateral, ms
Median	96	83	96	0.97
Interquartile range	70–102	72–111	70–100
LV systolic diameter, mm
Median	31	31	31	0.69
Interquartile range	30–32	28–32	30–32
LV diastolic diameter, mm
Median	47	48	47	0.95
Interquartile range	46–50	46–50	47–50
Septum, mm
Median	10	9.5	10	0.11
Interquartile range	9–10	9–10	9–11
Posterior wall, mm
Median	9	9	10	0.06
Interquartile range	9–10	8.5–9	9–10
EF, %
Median	65	66	64	0.22
Interquartile range	63–66	63–69	63–65

Notes: LV: left ventricle, EF: ejection fraction, IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time, IVCT: isovolumic contraction time.

Figure 1. The comparison of CIMT of patients with AA amyloidosis to healthy volunteers.

Figure 2. The correlation between Hs-CRP and CIMT of the study population.

Figure 3. The comparison of OARI of patients with AA amyloidosis to healthy volunteers.

Table 5. Retrobulbar blood flow velocities.

	All (n = 28)	Control group (n = 14)	Amyloid group (n = 14)	p Value
CRA PSV, cm/s
Median	11.7	10.9	12	0.09
Interquartile range	10.6–13.8	10.2–12.6	11.3–15.4
CRA EDV, cm/s
Mean	2.95	2.7	3.2	0.19
Interquartile range	2.45–2.80	2–3.8	2.9–3.9
CRA RI
Median	0.74	0.75	0.73	0.66
Interquartile range	0.71–0.79	0.70–0.80	0.71–0.77
PCA PSV, cm/s
Median	11.7	10.4	13.9	0.01
Interquartile range	9.1–13.9	8.4–12.1	9.8–16.8
PCA EDV, cm/s
Median	3.6	3.4	4.2	0.19
Interquartile range	2.9–5.4	2.7–4.9	3.0–5.5
PCA RI
Median	0.65	0.62	0.70	0.42
Interquartile range	0.55–0.73	0.52–0.70	0.57–0.75
OA PSV, cm/s
Median	33.7	32.9	33.7	0.46
Interquartile range	28.9–45.8	27.4–46.9	31.2–36.7
OA EDV, cm/s
Median	9.4	11.8	8.5	0.02
Interquartile range	8.2–13.2	8.8–16.4	7.7–9.7
OA RI
Median	0.66	0.62	0.75	<0.001
Interquartile range	0.61–0.7	0.57–0.64	0.71–0.79

Notes: CRA: central retinal artery, EDV: end diastolic velocity, OA: ophtalmic artery, PCA: posterior cilliary artery, PSV: peak systolic velocity, RI: resistivity index.

Figure 4. The correlation between OARI and CIMT of the study population.

Figure 5. The correlation between Hs-CRP and OARI of the study population.