Meta-analysis of non-tumour doses for radiation-induced cancer on the basis of dose-rate

Figures & data

Table I. Dose-rate of radiation and non-tumour dose, D_nt.

Data number	Subject		Radiation^a	Tumour	Dose-rate, Gy/min	Non-tumour dose Dnt, Gy	Reference
I. Acute exposure
1	Mouse	RFM/Un	WB γ-ray	thymic lymphoma	0.45	0.1	Ullrich et al. (1976)
2	″	″	″	Harderian tumour	0.45	0.1	″
3	″	″	″	uterine tumour	0.45	0.25	″
4	″	″	″	mammary tumour	0.45	0.25	″
5	″	″	″	myeloid luekemia	0.45	0.25	Ullrich & Storer (1979a)
6	″	″	″	reticulum cell sarcoma	0.45	*>3	Ullrich et al. (1976), Ullrich & Storer (1979a)
7	″	″	″	ovarian tumour	0.45	0.1	Ullrich et al. (1976), Ullrich & Storer (1979b)
8	″	″	″	pituitary tumour	0.45	0.25	″
9	″	″	″	lung adenoma	0.45	2	″
10	″	″	″	thymic lymphoma	0.45	0.1	Ullrich & Storer (1979c)
11	″	″	WB γ-ray, protracted	″	5.8 × 10^−5	0.5	″
12	″	″	″	ovarian tumour	5.8 × 10^−5	0.5	″
13	″	″	PB X-ray	lung adenoma	4	2.5	Ullrich et al. (1979)
14	″	″	PB neutron	″	5 × 10^−2	0.1	″
15	″	BALB/c	WB γ-ray	lung adenocarcinoma	0.4	0.1	Ullrich (1983)
16	″	″	″	ovarian tumour	0.4	0.1	″
17	″	″	WB fission neutron	″	5 × 10^−2	0.025	″
18	″	″	WB ^252Cf neutron	″	7 × 10^−5	0.05	Ullrich (1984)
19	″	″	WB γ-ray	thymic lymphoma	4	2	Maisin et al. (1983)
20	″	BC3F1	WB X-ray	hepatocellular carcinoma	1.3	0.5	Di Majo et al. (1986)
21	″	″	″	solid tumour, malignant lymphoma	6 × 10^−2	0.64	Covelli et al. (1988)
22	″	″	WB neutron	″	1.7 × 10^−5	0.04	″
23	″	Swiss	PB electron	skin tumour	5.5	0.8	Albert et al. (1972)
24	″	CBA/H	PB β ray fractionated	″	5.5, split	*60	Hulse & Mole (1969)
25	Rat	WAG/Rij	WB γ-ray, fractionated	mammary carcinoma	4 × 10^−4	1	Bartsra et al. (2000)
26	″	Long-Evans	PB X-ray	thyroid adenoma	2.5	1	Lee et al. (1982)
27	″	Sprague-Dawley CD	PB β-ray	skin tumour	5	10	Burns et al. (1975, 1993)
28	″	″	PB electron	″	5, split	*20	Burns et al. (1975)
29	″	″	PB proton	″	1.38	0.75	Burns et al. (1978)
30	Human	A-bomb survivor	WB γ ray, neutron	leukemia	1 × 10^8	*0.2	Shimizu et al. (1990)
II. Chronic exposure
1) Internal radiation
31	Mouse	CF1	PB ^90Sr β-ray, injected	bone sarcoma	2 × 10^−5	20	Finkel et al. (1959)
32	″	BC3F1	WB ^3H β-ray, oral	thymic lymphoma	6.4 × 10^−7	0.71	Yamamoto et al. (1998)
33	Rat	Long-Evans	PB ^131I β-ray, injected	thyroid adenoma	1.7 × 10^−4	3.3	Lee et al. (1982)
34	″	Sprague-Dawley	PB ^237Np β-ray, inhaled	lung tumour	7 × 10^−4	1	Dudoignon et al. (1999)
35	″	″	PB ^222Rn α-ray, inhaled	″	3 × 10^−5	0.19	Morlier et al. (1994)
36	″	Wister	PB ^238PuO2 α-ray, inhaled	″	2.5 × 10^−4	0.25	Sanders et al. (1977)
37	″	″	PB ^239PuO2 α-ray, inhaled	″	3.4 × 10^−7	0.05	″
38	″	″	PB ^244CmO2 α-ray, inhaled	″	1.9 × 10^−5	0.18	Sanders & Mahaffey (1978)
39	Dog	beagle	PB ^90Sr β-ray, injected	bone sarcoma	6 × 10^−3	30	Mays & Finkel (1980)
40	″	″	″	″	3.2 × 10^−3	6.7	White et al. (1993)
41	″	″	PB ^144Sr β-ray, inhaled	lung tumour	1.3 × 10^−5	5	Hahn et al. (1999)
42	″	″	PB ^226Ra α-ray, injected	bone sarcoma	5 × 10^−7	0.9	White et al. (1994)
43	″	″	″	″	7 × 10^−7	2	Rowland et al. (1973)
44	″	″	PB ^228Ra β-ray, injected	″	2.8 × 10^−7	5	″
45	Human	thorotrast patient	PB ^232ThO2 α-ray, injected	liver cancer	1.1 × 10^−7	*2	Anderson & Storm (1992)
46	″	dial painter	PB ^226Ra + ^228Ra α + β, oral	bone sarcoma	4.9 × 10^−7	*10	Rowland et al. (1978)
2) External radiation
47	Mouse	RFM/Un male	WB γ-ray	myeloid leukemia	3 × 10^−5	1.5	Upton et al. (1970)
48	″	RFM/Un female	″	″	5 × 10^−6	2.5	″
49	″	CBA/H	PB ^204Tl β-ray, skin	skin tumour	2 × 10^−2	16	Hulse et al. (1983)
50	″	ICR	PB ^90Sr^−90Y β-ray, skin	″	1.5 Gy/week, 6 months	*40	Ootsuyama & Tanooka (1991,1993)
51	Dog	beagle	WB γ-ray, continuous	myeloproliferative disease	2 × 10^−6	8.6	Thompson (1989)
52	Human	high radiation background area in India	″		1.3 × 10^−8	*no cancer increase	Nair et al. (1999)
53	″	high radiation background area in China	″		5.7 × 10^−9	*no cancer increase	Chen & Wei (1990)
Data added
54	Dog	beagle	PB ^226Ra α-ray	bone sarcoma	7 × 10^−7	0.44	Raabe (1984)
55	Mouse	C.B-17	WB γ-ray	thymic lymphoma	5 × 10^−1	1	Ishii-Ohba et al. (2007)
56	″	C57BL/6j	″	″	2 × 10^−5	*>7	Ina et al. (2005)
Natural
background
radiation level					1.8 × 10^−9

^aWB: Whole body radiation.

PB: Partial body radiation.

*Not included in calculation for the regression line.

Figure 1. Non-tumour dose, D_nt, plotted as a function of the dose-rate of radiation. (a) Whole body radiation. (b) Partial body radiation. Block symbols, low LET; open symbols, high LET. Mouse (, ○); rat (▴, ▵); dog (▪, □); human, whole-body low LET (H); and human, partial body high LET (h). Arrows indicate D_nt higher. Numbers affixed to each point are data numbers (see Table I).

Figure 2. Summary of regression lines for non-tumour dose, D_nt, versus dose-rate of radiation. Regression lines for dose-rate range from 10⁻⁸ to 1 Gy/min: whole body low LET, Y = 0.258 X^−0.141, R² = 0.320; whole body high LET, Y = 0.0207 X^−0.0733, R² = 0.781; partial body low LET, Y = 2.69 X^−0.0857, R² = 0.147; partial body high LET; Y = 0.0439 X^−0.167, R² = 0.303. Bars: radiation doses received by residents in natural (NB) and high background areas in Kerala, India, and Yanjiang, China, over 70 years. CT: possible highest dose to patients under CT examination. Space: possible highest dose in space using a 10 g/cm² shield for six months. Dotted vertical lines indicate the difference between exposure dose and corresponding D_nt value.

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