Figures & data
Table 1. Summary of studies that have examined state variation of the CAR in healthy participants.
Pruessner J, Wolf O, Hellhammer D, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Von Auer K, Jobst S, Kaspers F, Kirschbaum C. (1997). Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 61:2539–49 Scheer F, Buijs RM. (1999). Light affects morning salivary cortisol in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3395–8 Wuest S, Wolf J, Hellhammer DH, Federenko I, Schommer N, Kirschbaum C. (2000). The cortisol awakening response-normal values and confounds. Noise Health 2:79–88 Edwards S, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. (2001). Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26:613–22 Federenko I, Wüst S, Hellhammer DH, Dechoux R, Kumsta R, Kirschbaum C. (2004). Free cortisol awakening responses are influenced by awakening time. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:174–84 Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Kirschbaum C, Marmot M, Steptoe A. (2004). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:516–28 Schlotz W, Hellhammer J, Schulz P, Stone AA. (2004). Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend–weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response. Psychosom Med 66:207–14 Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, Esgate A, Evans P, Clow A. (2004). The effect of dawn simulation on the cortisol response to awakening in healthy participants. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:925–30 Williams E, Magid K, Steptoe A. (2005). The impact of time of waking and concurrent subjective stress on the cortisol response to awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:139–48 Adam EK, Hawkley LC, Kudielka BM, Cacioppo JT. (2006). Day-to-day dynamics of experience – cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:17058–63 Clow A, Edwards S, Owen G, Evans G, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Casey A. (2006). Post-awakening cortisol secretion during basic military training. Int J Psychophysiol 60:88–94 Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, Evans P, Clow A. (2006). Suspected non-adherence and weekend versus week day differences in the awakening cortisol response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:1009–18 Hellhammer J, Fries E, Schweisthal O, Schlotz W, Stone A, Hagemann D. (2007). Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: state- and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:80–6 Wilhelm I, Born J, Kudielka BM, Schlotz W, Wüst S. (2007). Is the cortisol awakening rise a response to awakening? Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:358–66 Dettenborn L, Rosenloecher F, Kirschbaum C. (2007). No effects of repeated forced wakings during three consecutive nights on morning cortisol awakening responses (CAR): a preliminary study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:915–21 Almeida DM, Piazza JR, Stawski RS. (2009). Interindividual differences and intraindividual variability in the cortisol awakening response: an examination of age and gender. Psychol Aging 24:819--27 Stalder T, Hucklebridge F, Evans P, Clow A. (2009). Use of a single case study design to examine state variation in the cortisol awakening response: relationship with time of awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:607–14 Doane LD, Adam EK. (2010). Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:430–41 Doane LD, Kremen WS, Eaves LJ, Eisen SA, Hauger R, Hellhammer D, Levine S, et al. (2010). Associations between jet lag and cortisol diurnal rhythms after domestic travel. Health Psychol 29:117--23 Mikolajczak M, Quoidbach J, Vanootighem V, Lambert F, Lahaye M, Fillée C, de Timary P. (2010). Cortisol awakening response (CAR)’s flexibility leads to larger and more consistent associations with psychological factors than CAR magnitude. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:752–7 Stalder T, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. (2010b). Associations between psychosocial state variables and the cortisol awakening response in a single case study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:209–14 Stalder T, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. (2010a). State associations with the cortisol awakening response in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:1245–52 Strahler K, Ehrlenspiel F, Heene M, Brand R. (2010). Competitive anxiety and cortisol awakening response in the week leading up to a competition. Psychol Sport Exerc 11:148–54 Thorn L, Evans P, Cannon A, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. (2011). Seasonal differences in the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion in healthy participants and those with self-assessed seasonal affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:816--23 Wolfram M, Bellingrath S, Kudielka BM. (2011). The cortisol awakening response (CAR) across the female menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:905--12