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Review Article

Linear low-dose extrapolation for noncancer health effects is the exception, not the rule

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1-19 | Received 18 May 2010, Accepted 27 Oct 2010, Published online: 13 Jan 2011

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation presented by CitationLutz (1990) of dose-response relationships in heterogeneous populations, with increasing factors affecting sensitivity to a chemical carcinogen in each graph.

Figure 1.  Schematic representation presented by CitationLutz (1990) of dose-response relationships in heterogeneous populations, with increasing factors affecting sensitivity to a chemical carcinogen in each graph.

Figure 2. Simulation results reproduced from CitationBrauer et al. (2002). The graphs show ambient concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) on the x-axis and the expected number of deaths per 1, 000, 000 on the y-axis. The true underlying individual thresholds are indicated on the graphs as triangles.

Figure 2.  Simulation results reproduced from CitationBrauer et al. (2002). The graphs show ambient concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) on the x-axis and the expected number of deaths per 1, 000, 000 on the y-axis. The true underlying individual thresholds are indicated on the graphs as triangles.