Evaluation of carcinogenic potential of the herbicide glyphosate, drawing on tumor incidence data from fourteen chronic/carcinogenicity rodent studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structure of glyphosate acid.

Table 1. Summary of toxicological endpoints for glyphosate (Germany Rapporteur Member State 2015c).

Endpoint	Value	Remark
Oral absorption	ca 20%	Rat, in vivo
Dermal absorption	< 1%	Human, in vitro, 0.015 g glyphosate/L
Rat LD50 oral	> 2000 mg/kg bw
Rat LD50 dermal	> 2000 mg/kg bw
Rat LC50 inhalation	> 5 mg/L	4-h exposure
Skin irritation	Not irritating
Eye irritation	Acid: moderately to severely irritating Salts: slight or non-irritating
Skin sensitization	Not sensitizing (LLNA, Magnusson-Kligmant, and Buehler test)
Genotoxicity	Not genotoxic (in vitro and in vivo)
Chronic toxicity	BW gain, liver (organ weight ↑, clinical chemistry, histology); salivary glands (organ weight ↑, histology); stomach mucosa and bladder epithelium(histology); eye (cataracts), caecum (distention, organ weight ↑) NOAEL = 100 mg/kg bw/day (2-yr rat)	Critical study used for ADI setting
Reproductive toxicity	Reduced pup weight at parentally toxic doses. NOAEL = 300 mg/kg bw/day
Developmental toxicity	Post-implantation loss, fetal BW & ossification ↓; effects confined to maternally toxic doses Rat NOAEL: 300 mg/kg bw/day Rabbit NOAEL: 50 mg/kg bw/day
Delayed neurotoxicity	No relevant effects, NOAEL: 2000 mg/kg bw/day
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)	0.5 mg/kg bw/day Based on developmental toxicity in rabbits	Safety factor 100
Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (AOEL)	0.1 mg/kg bw/day Based on maternal toxicity in rabbit teratogenicity study	Safety factor 100 Corrected for oral absorption of 20%

Table 2. Summary of one-year toxicity studies with glyphosate.

Authors:	Monsanto (1985)
Reliability/Justification	2 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with the following deviation: MTD not reached by highest dose
Substance:	Glyphosate (96.1% pure)
Species/Strain:	Dog/Beagle, groups of 6 ♂ and 6 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, capsule
Doses:	0, 20, 100, 500 mg/kg bw/day
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	≥ 500 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂ + ♀) no treatment-related effects

Authors:	Cheminova (1990)
Reliability/Justification	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (98.6–99.5% pure)
Species/Strain	Dog/Beagle, groups of 4 ♂ and 4 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, capsule
Doses:	0, 30, 300, 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	300 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂ + ♀) 1000 mg/kg bw/day: soft, liquid stools (attributable to capsule administration); equivocal impact on body weight gain

Authors:	Nufarm (2007)
Reliability/Justification	2 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with the following deviation: MTD not reached by highest dose
Substance:	Glyphosate (95.7% pure)
Species/Strain	Dog/Beagle, groups of 4 ♂ and 4 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, capsule
Doses:	0, 30, 125, 500 mg/kg bw/day
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	≥ 500 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂ + ♀) No treatment-related effects

Authors:	Arysta Life Sciences (1997c)
Reliability/Justification	2 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with the following deviation: MTD not reached by highest dose
Substance:	Glyphosate (94.6% pure)
Species/Strain	Dog/Beagle, groups of 4 ♂ and 4 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, diet
Concentration:	0, 1600, 8000, 50 000 ppm diet (♂ about 34.1, 182, 1203 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 37.1, 184, 1259 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	182/184 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂/♀) At high dose: loose stool, non-statistically significant retarded body weight gain, decreased urinary pH, slight and non-statistically significant focal pneumonia (♀), minor clinical chemistry changes of Cl ↑, albumin ↓, P ↓ (♀)

Authors:	Syngenta (1996a)
Reliability/Justification	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (95.6% pure)
Species/Strain	Dog/Beagle, groups of 4 ♂ and 4 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, diet
Concentration:	0, 3000, 15 000, 30 000 ppm diet (♂ about 90.9, 440, 907 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 92.1, 448, 926 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	15 000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♀) ≥ 30 000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂): No treatment-related effects 30 000 ppm diet: slight body weight reduction (♀)

Authors:	Syngenta (1996b)
Reliability/Justification	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (95.6% pure)
Species/Strain	Rat/Wistar Alpk: APfSD, groups of 24 ♂ and 24 ♀
Administration route:	Oral, diet
Concentration:	0, 2000, 8000, 20 000 ppm diet (♂ about 141, 560, 1409 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 167, 671, 1664 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	1 year
Findings:	8000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) 20 000 ppm diet: parotid salivary glands (focal basophilia of the acinar cells considered non-adverse adaptive response, ♂: 13/24, ♀: 15/24), body weight reduction

Table 3. Study 1–26-month feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Monsanto 1981).

Study owner:	Monsanto (1981)
Reliability/Justification:	3 Study not performed under GLP. High-dose well below MTD. Does not conform to modern testing standards.
Substance:	Glyphosate (98.7% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Sprague-Dawley, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 30, 100, 300 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 3, 10, 31 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 3, 11, 34 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	26 months
Findings:	≥ 300 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂ + ♀) No treatment-related effects
Select neoplasms:	Pituitary adenoma, Testes interstitial cell

Table 4. Study 1 – Pituitary tumor findings.

Tumors	Dose group (mg/kg bw/day)
	Males				Females
	0	3.05	10.3	31.49	0	3.37	11.22	34.02
Pituitary tumors	Number of animals/total number examined (% per group)
Adenomas - B	16/48 (33)	19/49 (39)	20/48 (42)	18/47 (38)	34/48 (70)	29/48 (60)	31/50 (62)	26/49 (53)
Carcinomas - M	3/48 (6)	2/49 (4)	3/48 (6)	1/47 (2)	8/48 (17)	7/48 (14)	5/48 (19)	12/49 (24)
Combined	19/48 (40)	21/49 (43)	23/48 (48)	19/47 (40)	42/48 (88)	36/48 (75)	36/50 (72)	38/49 (78)

B benign, M malignant

Table 5. Study 1 - Interstitial cell tumor findings in the testes.

Tumors	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	3.05	10.3	31.49
Interstitial cell tumor – B	Number of animals/total number examined (% per group)
Terminal sacrifice	0/15 (0)	2/26 (7.7)	1/16 (6.3)	4/26 (15.4)
All Animals	0/50 (0)	3/50 (6)	1/50 (2)	6/50 (12)
Interstitial cell hyperplasia	Number of animals (% per group)
Terminal sacrifice	1/15 (6.7)	1/26 (3.8)	0/16 (0)	0/26 (0)
All Animals	1/50 (2)	1/50 (2)	1/50 (2)	0/50 (0)

B benign, M malignant

Table 6. Study 1 – Summary of the contemporary historical control data for interstitial cell tumors in the testes of rats in chronic toxicity studies.

	Study 1	Study 2	Study 3	Study 4	Study 5	Range
	Number of control animals/total number examined (% per study)
Terminal sacrifice	4/65 (6.2)	3/11 (27.3)	3/26 (11.5)	3/24 (12.5)	3/40 (7.5)	6.2–27.3%
All animals	4/116 (3.4)	5/75 (6.7)	4/113 (3.5)	6/113 (5.3)	5/118 (4.2)	3.4–6.7%

Table 7. Study 2 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Monsanto 1990).

Study owner:	Monsanto (1990)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (96.5% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Sprague-Dawley, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀ (10 rats per sex per dose were included for interim sacrifice after 12 months).
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 2000, 8000, 20 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 89, 362, 940 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 113, 457, 1183 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	8000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) 20 000 ppm diet: cataracts (♂), > 20% reduced cumulative body weight gain through months 18–20 (♀), 13% increased liver weight (♂). Local effects: inflammation of gastric mucosa
Select neoplasms:	Pancreatic islet cell adenoma, skin keratoacanthoma (males), thyroid C cell adenoma
Tumor		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	89	362	940
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Pancreas: Islet call adenoma – B		1/34 (3%)	4/28 (14%)	2/33 (6%)	4/32 (13%)
Skin: Keratoacanthoma – B		0/36	1/31 (3%)	2/33 (6%)	1/32 (3%)
Thyroid: C cell adenoma – B		0/36	2/29 (7%)	1/31 (3%)	1/33 (3%)
Thyroid: C cell carcinoma – M		0/36	1/29 (3%)	2/31 (6%)	1/33 (3%)
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
Pancreas: Islet call adenoma – B		0/14	4/19 (21%)	3/17 (6%)	3/17 (6%)
Skin: Keratoacanthoma – B		0/13	2/19 (11%)	2/17 (12%)	2/17 (12%)
Thyroid: C cell adenoma – B		0/14	2/19 (11%)	*7/17 (41%)	4/17 (24%)
Thyroid: C cell carcinoma – M		0/14	0/19	0/17	0/17
Females		0	113	457	1183
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Pancreas: Islet call adenoma – B		3/28 (11%)	0/28	3/33 (9%)	0/31
Thyroid: C cell adenoma – B		0/28	0/28	1/33 (3%)	2/32 (6%)
Thyroid: C cell carcinoma – M		0/28	0/28	1/33 (3%)	0/32
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
Pancreas: Islet call adenoma – B		2/22 (9%)	1/22 (5%)	1/17 (6%)	0/18
Thyroid: C cell adenoma – B		2/22 (9%)	2/22 (9%)	5/17 (29%)	4/18 (22%)
Thyroid: C cell carcinoma – M		0/22	0/22	0/17	0/18

B benign, M malignant

*Statistically higher than controls (p < 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test with the Bonferroni Inequality).

Table 8. Study 3 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Cheminova 1993a).

Study owner:	Cheminova (1993a)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (98.7–98.9% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Sprague-Dawley, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀ (additional groups of 35 ♂ and 35 ♀per dose were included for 1-year interim sacrifice)
Administration route:	Diet
Achieved dose:	♂+♀: 0, 10, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg bw/day (weekly adjustment of dietary concentration for the first 13 weeks and 4-weekly thereafter)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	300 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂+♀) 1000 mg/kg bw/day: body weights ↓, urinary pH ↓, salivary glands (histopathology, organ weight ↑); evidence of weak liver toxicity (alkaline phosphatase ↑, ♀: organ weight ↓)
Select neoplasms:	No neoplasms from this study were identified for further consideration.

Table 9. Study 4 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Feinchemie Schwebda 1996).

Study owner:	Feinchemie Schwebda (1996)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (96.0–96.8% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Wistar, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 100, 1000, 10 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 6.3, 59.4, 595 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 8.6, 88.5, 886 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	10 000 ppm diet: ≥ NOAEL (♂+♀) Only mild effects on clinical chemistry (liver enzymes), without histopathological changes.
Select neoplasms:	Hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma
Tumor			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	7.4	73.9	741
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Hepatocellular adenoma – B		9/30 (30%)	9/30 (30%)	6/32 (19%)	6/21 (29%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M		12/30 (40%)	12/30 (40%)	9/32 (28%)	5/21 (24%)
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
Hepatocellular adenoma – B		15/20 (75%)	13/20 (65%)	4/16 (25%)	15/20 (75%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M		9/20 (45%)	16/20 (80%)	9/16 (56%)	19/29 (66%)
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females		0	7.4	73.9	741
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Hepatocellular adenoma – B		2/26 (8%)	8/23 (3%)	3/17 (18%)	5/29 (17%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M		4/26 (15%)	4/23 (17%)	2/17 (12%)	5/29 (17%)
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
Hepatocellular adenoma – B		16/24 (67%)	10/25 (40%)	16/32 (50%)	8/21 (38%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M		6/24 (25%)	11/25 (44%)	12/32 (38%)	4/21 (19%)

B benign, M malignant

Table 10. Study 5 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Excel 1997).

Study owner:	Excel (1997)
Reliability/Justification:	3 Test substance not characterized and other deviations from OECD 453, lower than expected background tumor incidence
Substance:	Glyphosate (no purity reported)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Sprague-Dawley, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀, additional groups of 20 rats per sex and group were included for interim sacrifice after 52 weeks
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	2-year group: 0, 3000, 15 000, 25 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 150, 780, 1290 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 210, 1060, 1740 mg/kg bw/day) 1-year group: 0, 3000, 15 000, 30 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 180, 920, 1920 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 240, 1130, 2540 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	≥ 25 000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) Only mild toxic effects, such as clinical chemistry of questionable relevance in aged rats, without correlating histopathological organ changes.
Select neoplasms:	No neoplasms from this study were identified for further consideration. Low background tumor incidence indicates low study reliability with no relevant increases in the incidence of tumors.
Males	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	150	740.6	1290
Mortality	16/50 (32%)	17/50 (34%)	18/50 (36%)	23/50 (46%)
Females	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	210	1060	1740
Mortality	19/50 (38%)	20/50 (40%)	20/50 (40%)	25/50 (50%)

Table 11. Study 6 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Arysta Life Sciences 1997b).

Study owner:	Arysta Life Sciences (1997b)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (94.6–97.6% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Sprague-Dawley, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀; satellite groups of 30 ♂ and 30 ♀for interim investigations
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 3000, 10 000, 30 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 104, 354, 1127 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 115, 393, 1247 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	3000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) 10 000 ppm diet: cecum weight↑, distension of cecum, loose stool, follicular hyperkeratosis and/or folliculitis/follicular abscess of the skin, body weight ↓
Select neoplasms:	Pituitary adenoma, skin keratoacanthoma (males), mammary gland fibroadenoma (females)
Tumor			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males			0	104	354	1127
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals (Table 25–10)
Pituitary anterior adenoma – B			22/32 (69%)	21/30 (70%)	*14/32 (44%)	18/21 (86%)
Skin keratoacanthoma – B			2/32 (6%)	1/30 (3%)	0/32	1/21 (5%)
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination (after 104 weeks, Table 25–8)
Lung adenoma – B			0/18	2/20 (10%)	1/18 (6%)	3/29 (10%)
Pituitary anterior adenoma – B			13/18 (72%)	14/20 (70%)	13/18 (72%)	21/29 (72%)
Pituitary adenoma in intermediate part – B			0/18	1/20 (5%)	0/18	0/29 (0%)
Skin keratoacanthoma – B			1/18 (6%)	2/20 (10%)	0/18	6/29 (21%)
Tumor				Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females			0	115	393	1247
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Pituitary anterior adenoma – B			34/35 (97%)	29/31 (94%)	28/33 (82%)	31/36 (86%)
Thyroid follicular adenoma – B			0/35	2/31 (6%)	0/32	0/36
Mammary gland fibroadenoma – B			13/35 (37%)	14/31 (45%)	12/34 (35%)	20/36 (56%)
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
Pituitary anterior adenoma – B			12/15 (80%)	19/19 (100%)	12/16 (75%)	13/14 (93%)
Mammary gland fibroadenoma – B			10/15 (67%)	13/19 (68%)	12/16 (75%)	10/14 (71%)

B benign, M malignant

*Statistically lower than controls (p < 0.05).

Table 12. Study 7 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Syngenta 2001).

Study owner:	Syngenta (2001)
Reliability/Justification	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (97.6% pure)
Species/Strain	Rat/Wistar Alpk: APfSD, groups of 52 ♂ and 52 ♀ (additional 12 animals per sex and dose for 1-year interim sacrifice)
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 2000, 6000, 20 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 121, 361, 1214 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 145, 437, 1498 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	6000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) 20 000 ppm diet: Kidney and liver findings. Increased survival due to reduction in CPN, prostatitis, periodontal inflammation
Select neoplasms:	Hepatocellular adenoma (males), not a statistically significant increase for the high dose using the Fisher's exact test, but statistically significant using Peto trend analysis
		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males	0	121	361	1214
Liver
Hepatocyte fat vacuolation	6	7	11	11
Hepatitis	3	4	2	5
Kidney
	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females	0	145	437	1498
Liver
Hepatocyte fat vacuolation	7	5	6	6
Hepatitis	6	5	4	4
Tumors:	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males	0	121	361	1214
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
*Hepatocellular adenoma – B	0/37	2/36 (6%)	0/35	3/26 (12%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M	0/37	0/36	0/35	0/26
Findings for animals sacrificed at termination
*Hepatocellular adenoma – B	0/16	0/17	0/18	2/26 (8%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M	0/16	0/17	0/18	0/26

B benign, M malignant

*Historical Control Range: 0–11.5% total males with hepatocellular adenoma, 26 studies, 1984–2003

Table 13. Study 8 – Two-year feeding study of glyphosate in rats (Nufarm 2009b).

Study owner:	Nufarm (2009a)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations
Substance:	Glyphosate (95.7% pure)
Species/Strain:	Rat/Wistar, groups of 51 ♂ and 51 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 3000, 10 000, 15 000 ppm diet, the top dose was progressively increased to reach 24 000 ppm diet by Week-40 (♂ about 0, 84, 285, 1077 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 105, 349, 1382 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	≥ 1077/1382 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂/♀) Transient liver enzyme activity for mid-dose males and high-dose males and females; equivocal nephrocalcinosis depositions at the high-dose males and females; increased adipose infiltration of the bone marrow in high-dose males
Select neoplasms:	Skin keratoacanthoma (males), mammary gland adenocarcinoma
Tumor		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	84	285	1077
Findings for all animals
Skin keratoacanthoma – B		2/51 (4%)	3/51 (6%)	0/51	6/51 (12%)
		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females		0	105	349	1382
Findings for all animals
Mammary gland adenocarcinoma – M		2/51 (4%)	3/51 (6%)	1/51 (2%)	6/51 (12%)

B benign, M malignant

Table 14. Publication, Study 9 – Two-year drinking water study in rats with 13.85% glyphosate ammonium salt (Chruscielska et al. 2000a).

Authors:	Chruscielska et al. (2000a)
Reliability/Justification:	3 Study not performed according to GLP, but according to OECD TG 453, with the following deficiencies: Reporting deficits (water and feed consumption, body weights, diet composition, individual animal data, substance composition, purity, and stability) Highest dose did not elicit toxicity.
Substance:	Ammonium salt of glyphosate, 13.85% solution
Species/Strain:	Rat/Wistar -RIZ outbred, 85 ♂ and 85 ♀ per dose group. 10 ♂ and 10 ♀each were sacrificed after 6, 12, and 18 months of exposure.
Administration route:	Drinking water
Concentration:	0, 300, 900, and 2700 mg/L Estimated glyphosate intake: ♂: 0, 1.9, 5.7, and 17 mg/kg bw/day. ♀: 0, 2.2, 6.5, and 19 mg/kg bw/day, based on assumed water consumptions of 50/57 mL/kg bw/day (♂/♀), (Gold, et al. 1984)
Duration:	2 years
Findings:	17/19 mg glyphosate/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂/♀) No treatment-related effects
Tumors reported for 85 rats/sex/dose:	No increase in the incidence of tumors attributable to glyphosate administration
	Estimated dose (mg/kg bw/day)
		0		1.9/2.2		5.7/6.5		17/19
		♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀
Two-year mortality		42%	38%	42%	45%	54%	53%	44%	60%
Lungs
Lymphoma		2	–	2	–	1	–	3	1
Histiocytoma		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Adenocarcinoma		1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Histiocytoma, malignant		–	1	–	–	1	–	–	–
Spleen, leukemia		0	–	2	–	0	–	1	–
Kidneys, Fibrous histiocytoma		–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Pituitary gland
Adenoma		4	10	4	6	2	8	0	3
Adenoma, malignant (assumed to be carcinoma)		0	1	0	3	1	2	1	5
Carcinoma		0	–	0	–	1	–	0	–
Thyroid
Adenoma		1	1	1	2	0	0	3	3
Carcinoma		0	–	1	–	0	–	0	–
Uterus, cervix carcinoma		–	0	–	0	–	0	–	1
Uterus, body, histiocytoma		–	3	–	1	–	0	–	1
Mammary gland
Fibroma		–	0	–	0	–	0	–	0
Fibroadenoma		–	3	–	2	–	3	–	3
Adrenal medulla, adenoma		1	2	2	2	1	2	0	2
Thymus, lymphoma		0		0		0		1
Testis, Leydigoma		–		3		6		1
Subcutaneous tissue
Fibroma		0		1		1		3
Lipoma		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Cystadenoma		–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lymph nodes
Lymphoma		0		0		0		1
Lymphoma, malignant		–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Skin, carcinoma		2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prostate, adenoma		1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Table 15. Study 10 – Two-year feeding study with glyphosate in mice (Monsanto 1983).

Study owner:	Monsanto (1983)
Reliability/Justification	2 Study was performed prior to institution of GLP and OECD guideline requirements
Substance:	Glyphosate (99.7% pure)
Species/Strain:	Mouse/CD-1, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 1000, 5000, 10 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 157, 814, 4841 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 190, 955, 5874 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	24 months
Findings:	1000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂ + ♀) 5000 ppm diet: body weight ↓, histological changes in liver and urinary bladder (slight to mild epithelial hyperplasia in males at mid and high doses)
Select neoplasms:	Lymphoreticular neoplasms, bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	157	814	4841
Lymphoreticular system
Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with leukemia – M		1/48 (2%)	4/49 (8%)	3/50 (6%)	2/49 (4%)
Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma without leukemia – M		0/48	1/49 (2%)	0/50 (0%)	0/49
Composite lymphosarcoma – M		1/48 (2%)	0/49	1/50 (2%)	0/49
Histiocytic sarcoma – M		0/48	1/49 (2%)	0/50	0/49
Total lymphoreticular neoplasms^#		2/48 (4%)	6/49 (12%)	4/50 (8%)	2/49 (4%)
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females		0	190	955	5873
Lymphoreticular system
Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with leukemia – M		1/50 (2%)	4/48 (8%)	5/49 (10%)	1/49 (2%)
Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma without leukemia – M		0/50 (0%)	1/48 (2%)	0/49 (0%)	3/49 (6%)
Composite lymphosarcoma – M		4/50 (8%)	1/48 (2%)	1/49 (2%)	6/49 (12%)
Histiocytic sarcoma – M		0/50 (0%)	0/48 (0%)	0/49 (0%)	0/49 (0%)
^# Total lymphoreticular neoplasms		5/50 (10%)	6/48 (13%)	6/49 (12%)	10/49 (20%)

^#Sum of lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, composite lymphosarcoma, and histiocytic sarcoma.

M malignant

Table 16. Study 11 – Two-year feeding study with glyphosate in mice (Cheminova 1993b).

Study owner:	Cheminova (1993b)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements
Substance:	Glyphosate (98.6% pure)
Species/Strain:	Mouse/CD-1, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	♂+♀: 0, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg bw/day (regular adjustment of dietary concentration)
Duration:	24 months
Findings:	≥ 1000 mg/kg bw/day: NOAEL (♂+♀) no treatment-related effects
Select neoplasms:	Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma, bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma, pituitary adenoma (females)
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	10	300	1000
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma – B		9/50 (18%)	15/50 (30%)	11/50 (22%)	13/50 (26%)
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma – M		10/50 (20%)	7/50 (14%)	8/50 (16%)	9/50 (18%)
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females		0	100	300	1000
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma – B		7/50 (14%)	3/50 (6%)	3/50 (6%)	6/50 (12%)
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma – M		3/50 (6%)	2/50 (4%)	1/50 (2%)	5/50 (10%)
Pituitary adenoma – B		1/41 (2%)	0/32	0/23	3/43 (6%)

B benign, M malignant

Table 17. Study 12 – Two-year feeding study with glyphosate in mice (Arysta Life Sciences 1997a).

Study owner:	Arysta Life Sciences (1997b)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations.
Substance:	Glyphosate (94.6–97.6% pure)
Species/Strain	Mouse/CD-1, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 1600, 8000, or 40 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 165, 838, 4348 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 153, 787, 4116 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	18 months
Findings:	8000/1600 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂/♀) 8000 ppm diet (♀): retarded growth 40 000 ppm diet: pale-colored skin ♂, loose stool, retarded growth, reduced food consumption and food efficiency, cecum distension and increased absolute and relative cecum weight, without histopathological findings of increased incidence of anal prolapse, consistent with histopathological erosion/ulcer of the anus
Select neoplasms:	Lung adenoma, lung adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males		0	165	838	4348
Lung adenoma – B		8/50 (16%)	14/50 (28%)	13/50 (26%)	11/50 (11%)
Lung adenocarcinoma – M		1/50 (2%)	1/50 (2%)	6/50 (12%)	4/50 (8%)
Lymphoma – M		2/50 (4%)	2/50 (4%)	0/50	6/50 (12%)
			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females		0	153	787	4116
Lung adenoma – B		8/50 (16%)	5/50 (10%)	12/50 (24%)	5/50 (10%)
Lung adenocarcinoma – M		1/50 (2%)	2/50 (4%)	3/50 (6%)	1/50 (2%)
Lymphoma – M		6/50 (12%)	4/50 (8%)	8/50 (16%)	7/50 (14%)

B benign, M malignant

Table 18. Study 13–18-Month feeding study with glyphosate in mice (Feinchemie Schwebda 2001).

Study owner:	Feinchemie Schwebda (2001)
Reliability/Justification	2 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations, but possible viral infection may have confounded interpretation of results
Substance:	Glyphosate (> 95% pure)
Species/Strain	Mouse/Swiss albino, groups of 50 ♂ and 50 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 100, 1000, 10 000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 14.5, 150, 1454 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 15.0, 151, 1467 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	18 months
Findings:	1000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂+♀) 10 000 ppm diet (♂+♀): increased mortality
Select neoplasms:	Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma, lymphoma
	Historical controls			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
			0	14.5	150	1454
Males
Mortality	^§11/50–27/50		^+22/50 (6)	20/50 (6)	22/50 (8)	27/50 (8)
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Lymphoma – M	^#20/75	26.7% [0–44]	9/22 (41.0%)	*12/20 (60.0%)	*13/22 (59.0%)	13/27 (48.0%)
Findings in animals sacrificed at termination
Lymphoma – M	26/175	14.9% [8–24]	1/28 (3.6%)	3/30 (10.0%)	3/28 (10.7%)	*6/23 (26.1%)
Total animals
Lymphoma – M	46/250	18.4% [6–30]	10/50 (20.0%)	15/50 (30.0%)	16/50 (32.0%)	*19/50 (38.0%)
	Historical controls			Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
			0	15.0	151	1467
Females
Mortality	12/50–20/50		16/50 (7)	16/50 (7)	20/50 (2)	20/50 (3)
Findings for dead and moribund sacrificed animals
Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma – B	−	−	0/16	0/16	1/20 (5%)	2/20 (10%)
Lymphoma – M	49/77	63.6% [0–100]	9/16 (56.0%)	10/16 (63.0%)	13/20 (65.0%)	12/20 (60.0%)
Findings in animals sacrificed at termination
Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma – B			1/34 (3%)	0/0	1/1 (100%)	1/30 (3%)
Lymphoma – M	50/175	28.9% [2043]	9/34 (26.5%)	10/30 (29.4%)	6/30 (20.0%)	*13/28 (43.3%)
Total animals
Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma – B			1/50 (2%)	0/16	2/21 (10%)	3/50 (6%)
Lymphoma – M	99/250	39.6% [1458]	18/50 (36.0%)	20/50 (40.0%)	19/50 (38.0%)	*25/50 (50.0%)

B benign, M malignant.

^§Nine studies, performed by the same laboratory in the timeframe encompassing the study summarized here.

⁺(Number of animals killed in extremis).

^#Five studies, conducted in the same laboratory between 1996 and 1999.

*Statistically higher than concurrent controls (p < 0.05).

Table 19. Study 14–18-Month feeding study with glyphosate in mice (Nufarm 2009a).

Study owner:	Nufarm (2009b)
Reliability/Justification:	1 Study performed according to GLP and OECD guideline requirements, with no deviations
Substance:	Glyphosate (94.6–97.6% pure)
Species/Strain:	mouse/CD-1, groups of 51 ♂ and 51 ♀
Administration route:	Diet
Concentration:	0, 500, 1500, and 5000 ppm diet (♂ about 0, 0, 71.4, 234, 810 mg/kg bw/day; ♀ about 0, 97.9, 300, 1081 mg/kg bw/day)
Duration:	18 months
Findings:	≥ 5000 ppm diet: NOAEL (♂/♀) No treatment-related effects
Select neoplasms:	Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma, Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma (males), hepatocellular carcinoma (males), lymphoma, pituitary adenoma (females)
		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Males	0	157	814	4841
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma – B	9/51 (18%)	7/51 (14%)	9/51 (18%)	4/51 (8%)
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma – M	5/51 (10%)	5/51 (10%)	7/51 (14%)	11/51 (22%)
Hepatocellular adenoma – B	1/51 (2%)	1/51 (2%)	4/51 (8%)	2/51 (4%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma – M	6/51 (12%)	11/51 (22%)	7/51 (14%)	4/51 (8%)
Lymphoma – M	0/51	1/50 (2%)	2/51 (4%)	5/51 (10%)
		Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Females	0	190	955	5873
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma – B	2/51 (4%)	4/51 (8%)	2/51 (4%)	2/51 (4%)
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma – M	5/51 (10%)	2/51 (4%)	2/51 (4%)	3/51 (6%)
Lymphoma – M	11/51 (22%)	8/51 (16)	10/51 (20%)	11/51 (22%)
Pituitary adenoma – B	0/51	1/50 (2%)	0/51	2/51 (4%)

B benign, M malignant

Table 20. Summary of select neoplasms in male rats (Studies 1–8).

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	Controls – 0 [% range for studies]			^a3	^d7.4	^a10	^c10	^a31	^d73.9	^h86	^b89	^c100	^f104	^g121
Pancreas islet cell adenoma	20/397 [0–14]			5/49	0/30	2/50	1/24	2/50	0/32	1/51	8/57	2/17	1/75	2/64
Pituitary adenoma	153/398 [6–57]			19/49	4/30	20/48	12/24	18/47	3/31	11/51	32/58	8/19	41/75	17/63
Pituitary carcinoma	4/98 [2–6]			2/49	NF	3/48	1/24	1/47	NF	NF	NF	0/19	NF	NF
Testes interstitial cell (Leydig)	14/447 [0–8]			3/50	0/37	1/50	1/25	6/50	2/32	3/51	0/60	0/19	2/75	2/63
Thyroid C cell adenoma	35/391 [4–18]			1/49	0/26	0/49	1/21	2/49	1/29	^#1/51	5/58	1/17	10/74	^#1/63
Hepatocellular adenoma	30/351 [0–48]			NF	22/50	NF	1/50	NF	10/48	2/51	2/60	1/49	0/75	2/64
Hepatocellular carcinoma	22/384 [0–42]			0/50	28/50	1/50	1/50	2/50	18/48	0/51	2/60	1/49	1/75	NF
Benign keratoacanthoma (skin)	8/250 [2–5]			NF	NF	NF	NF	NF	NF	3/51	3/60	NF	3/75	0/64

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	^e150	^h285	^c300	^f354	^g361	^b362	^d740.6	^e780	^b940	^c1000	^h1077	^f1127	^g1214	^e1290
Pancreas islet cell adenoma	NF	2/51	2/21	1/80	0/64	5/60	1/49	NF	7/59	1/49	1/51	1/78	1/64	NF
Pituitary adenoma	NF	10/51	7/21	33/80	18/64	34/58	5/49	NF	32/59	17/50	20/51	42/78	19/63	NF
Pituitary carcinoma	NF	NF	1/21	NF	NF	NF	NF	NF	NF	0/50	NF	NF	NF	NF
Testes interstitial cell (Leydig)	1/49	1/51	0/21	0/80	2/63	3/60	3/50	2/49	2/60	2/50	1/51	2/78	2/64	0/47
Thyroid C cell adenoma	NF	^#0/51	2/21	5/79	^#1/63	8/58	1/50	NF	7/60	8/49	^#3/51	6/78	^#0/64	NF
Hepatocellular adenoma	NF	0/51	2/50	2/80	0/64	3/60	21/50	NF	8/60	2/50	1/51	1/78	5/64	NF
Hepatocellular carcinoma	1/49	0/51	0/50	2/80	NF	1/60	24/50	0/49	2/60	0/50	0/51	1/78	NF	0/47
Benign keratoacanthoma (skin)	NF	0/51	NF	0/80	1/64	4/60	NF	NF	5/59	NF	6/51	7/78	1/63	NF

^aStudy 1 (Monsanto) (CD) SD rats, rated unreliable for carcinogenicity evaluation.

^bStudy 2 (Monsanto) (CD) SD rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^cStudy 3 (Cheminova) SD rats.

^dStudy 4 (Feinchemic Schwebda) Wistar rats.

^eStudy 5 (Excel) SD rats, rated unreliable for carcinogenicity evaluation.

^fStudy 6 (Arysta Life Sciences) Crj:CD SD rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^g Study 7 (Syngenta) Alpk:AP_fSD Wistar rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^h Study 8 (Nufarm) Wistar Han Crl:WI rats.

^#Recorded as parafollicular adenoma.

NF not found/not reported

Table 21. Summary of select neoplasms in female rats (Studies 1–8).

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	Controls – 0 [% range for studies]			^a3	^d7.4	^c10	^a11	^a34	^d73.9	^c100	^h105	^b113	^f115	^g145
Pancreas islet cell adenoma	11/397 [0–9]			1/50	0/23	2/27	1/50	0/49	0/16	2/29	0/51	1/60	2/79	0/63
Pituitary adenoma	246/397 [14–78]			29/48	13/33	19/28	31/50	26/49	7/23	19/29	23/51	48/60	54/79	44/63
Pituitary carcinoma	16/155 [2–17]			7/48	NF	5/28	5/50	12/49	NF	5/28	NF	0/60	NF	NF
Thyroid C cell adenoma	25/302 [3% – 16%]			3/49	0/24	1/27	6/50	3/47	1/17	1/29	^# 1/51	2/60	7/78	^# 0/63
Hepatocellular adenoma	22/302 [0–36]			NF	18/48	1/50	NF	NF	19/49	3/50	0/51	2/60	1/79	0/64
Hepatocellular carcinoma	14/210 [0–20]			0/50	15/48	0/50	0/50	2/50	14/49	0/50	0/51	0/60	NF	NF
Mammary gland fibroadenoma	113/384 [6–58]			16/46	NF	12/28	20/48	16/44	NF	17/29	9/51	^$24/54	30/79	4/63
Mammary gland adenocarcinoma	40/334 [2–22]			6/46	0/30	NF	5/48	8/44	0/33	NF	3/51	^∼10/54	8/79	0/63

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	^e210	^c300	^h349	^f393	^g437	^b457	^d740.6	^c1000	^e1060	^b1183	^f1247	^h1382	^g1498	^e1740
Pancreas islet cell adenoma	NF	2/29	0/51	1/78	1/64	4/60	1/49	1/49	NF	0/59	1/78	0/51	0/64	NF
Pituitary adenoma	NF	25/30	16/51	47/77	46/63	46/60	6/50	34/49	NF	34/59	52/78	32/51	49/64	NF
Pituitary carcinoma	NF	2/30	NF	NF	NF	0/60	NF	7/49	NF	1/59	NF	NF	NF	NF
Thyroid C cell adenoma	NF	2/29	^#1/50	8/76	^#0/64	6/60	1/47	7/49	NF	6/60	4/78	^# 0/51	^# 2/64	NF
Hepatocellular adenoma	NF	1/50	1/51	0/78	1/64	6/60	13/50	2/50	NF	1/60	0/78	1/51	0/64	NF
Hepatocellular carcinoma	NF	0/50	1/51	NF	NF	1/60	9/50	0/50	NF	2/60	NF	0/51	NF	NF
Mammary gland fibroadenoma	1/22	19/30	7/51	27/77	6/64	^$27/59	NF	29/50	5/22	^$28/57	30/78	5/51	5/64	5/50
Mammary gland adenocarcinoma	0/22	NF	1/51	11/77	0/64	^∼14/59	0/48	NF	0/22	^∼9/57	8/78	6/51	2/64	0/50

^aStudy 1 (Monsanto) (CD) SD rats, rated unreliable for carcinogenicity evaluation.

^bStudy 2 (Monsanto) (CD) SD rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^cStudy 3 (Cheminova) SD rats.

^dStudy 4 (Feinchemic Schwebda) Wistar rats.

^eStudy 5 (Excel) SD rats, rated unreliable for carcinogenicity evaluation.

^fStudy 6 (Arysta Life Sciences) Crj:CD SD rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^gStudy 7 (Syngenta) Alpk:AP_fSD Wistar rats, including interim sacrifice groups.

^hStudy 8 (Nufarm) Wistar Han Crl:WI rats.

^$Recorded as adenoma/adenofibroma/fibroma.

^∼Recorded as carcinoma/adenocarcinoma.

NF not found/not reported.

Table 22. Summary of select neoplasms in male mice (Studies 10–14).

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	Controls – 0 [% range for studies]	^d14.5	^e85	^b100	^d150	^a157	^c165	^e267
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma	31/249 [10–18]	2/22	^§7/51	15/50	0/22	9/50	^§14/50	^§9/51
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma	10/149 [2–10]	NF	^§5/51	NF	NF	3/50	^§1/50	^§7/51
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma	10/100 [0–20]	0/22	NF	7/50	0/22	NF	NF	NF
Hepatocellular adenoma	27/250 [0–28]	5/25	1/51	12/50	3/28	0/50	15/50	4/51
Hepatocellular carcinoma	15/250 [0–16]	0/25	11/51	5/50	0/28	0/50	1/50	7/51
Malignant lymphoma	16/205 [0–100]	15/50	1/51	2/4	16/50	^#5/50	2/50	2/51
Myeloid leukemia	3/101 [0–6]	1/50	1/51	NF	1/50	NF	NF	0/51

	Tumor Incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	^b300	^a814	^c838	^e946	^b1000	^d1454	^c4348	^a4841
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma	11/50	9/50	^§13/50	^§4/51	13/50	1/50	^§11/50	9/50
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma	NF	2/50	^§6/50	^§11/51	NF	NF	^§4/50	1/50
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma	8/50	NF	NF	NF	9/50	1/50	NF	NF
Hepatocellular adenoma	11/50	1/50	15/50	2/51	9/50	3/50	7/50	0/50
Hepatocellular carcinoma	6/50	0/50	3/50	4/51	7/50	2/50	1/50	2/50
Malignant lymphoma	1/1	^#4/50	0/50	5/51	6/8	19/50	6/50	^#2/50
Myeloid leukemia	NF	NF	NF	0/51	NF	1/50	NF	NF

^aStudy 10 (Monsanto) CD-1 mice.

^bStudy 11 (Cheminova) CD-1 mice.

^cStudy 12 (Arysta Life Science) CD-1 mice.

^dStudy 13 (Feinchemic Schwebda) Swiss albino mice.

^eStudy 14 (Nufarm) CD-1 mice.

^§Recorded as lung rather than bronchiolar-alveolar.

^#Recorded as sum of malignant lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma without leukemia and composite lymphosarcoma.

^$Recorded as lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with leukemia.

NF not found/not reported.

Table 23. Summary of select neoplasms in female mice (Studies 10–14).

	Tumor incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	Controls – 0 [% range for studies]	^d15.0	^e85	^b100	^d151	^c153	^a190	^e267
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma	28/250 [2–20]	0/16	^§4/51	3/49	2/21	^§5/50	9/50	^§2/51
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma	2/99 [2]	NF	^§2/51	NF	NF	^§2/50	3/50	^§2/51
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma	9/151 [2–10]	0/16	NF	2/49	0/20	NF	NF	NF
Malignant lymphoma	54/215 [10–100]	20/50	8/51	12/15	19/50	4/50	^#6/50	10/51
Myeloid leukemia	2/156 [0–4]	1/50	0/51	NF	2/50	0/50	NF	1/51
Pituitary adenoma	1/232 [0–2]	0/16	1/51	0/32	0/17	1/50	0/21	0/51

	Tumor incidence/number of animals examined, by dose (mg/kg bw/day)
Select neoplasm	^b300	^c787	^e946	^a955	^b1000	^d1467	^c4116	^a5874
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenoma	3/50	^§12/50	^§2/51	10/49	6/50	3/50	^§5/50	1/50
Bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma	NF	^§3/50	^§3/51	4/49	NF	NF	^§1/50	4/50
Bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma	1/50	NF	NF	NF	5/50	0/50	NF	NF
Malignant lymphoma	9/12	8/50	11/51	^#6/50	13/14	25/50	7/50	^#10/50
Myeloid leukemia	NF	0/50	0/51	NF	NF	1/50	1/50	NF
Pituitary adenoma	0/23	0/50	2/51	0/44	^∼3/50	1/48	0/50	0/37

^aStudy 10 (Monsanto) CD-1 mice.

^bStudy 11 (Cheminova) CD-1 mice.

^cStudy 12 (Arysta Life Science) CD-1 mice.

^dStudy 13 (Feinchemic Schwebda) Swiss albino mice.

^eStudy 14 (Nufarm) CD-1 mice.

^§Recorded as lung rather than bronchiolar-alveolar.

^#Recorded as sum of lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma without leukemia and composite lymphosarcoma.

^∼2 animals in anterior lobe, 1 animal in intermediate lobe.

NF not found/not reported.

Figure 2. Likelihood of glyphosate carcinogenicity based on experimental and epidemiological data; a causal inference grid as proposed by Adami et al. (2011) to utilize both toxicological and epidemiological data.

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