Self-emulsifying drug delivery system and the applications in herbal drugs

Figures & data

Figure 1. Extracts of portions of the herbal drugs.

Figure 2. Schematic flowchart on the general strategy of formulating self-emulsifying systems and their subsequent conversion to micro/nano emulsions.

Figure 3. The pathway of herbal drug transport from self-emulsifying drug delivery system.

Table 1. Herbal drugs-loaded SM/NEDDS formulation.

Active ingredients- loaed formulations	Source	Biological activity	Mean particle size (nm)	Drug loading	Bioavailability study	Reference
Methoxyflavone-  SMEDDS	Kaempferia parviflora	Anti-inflammatory/cancer/aphrodisiac/peptic ulcer/microbial/allergic/obesity.	<22	–	∼2-fold higher AUC compared to a cyclodextrin complex	Mekjaruskul et al. (2013)
Apigenin-SMEDDS	Fruits and vegetables (onions, orange, tea, chamomile and wheat sprouts)	Anti-oxidation/tumor/inflammatory/virus/anxiety	25.28 ± 0.98	15 mg/g	–	Zhao et al. (2012)
Curcumin-SMEDDS	Plants of Curcuma longa	Anti-tumor/inflammatory/virus/oxidation/HIV	21.4 ± 1.5	21 mg/g	–	Cui et al. (2009)
Persimmon leaf  extract-SNEDDS	Leaves of diospyros kaki L, dispryosl and ebenaceae	Anti-oxidant/inflammatory/cancer/allergic	34.85	44.48 mg/g	∼1.6 times higher AUC of kaempferol SNEDDS compared to conventional tablet	Li et al. (2011)
Zedoary turmeric oil-SNEDDS (ZTO)	Dry rhizome of curcuma zedoaria	Hepatoprotection, tumor suppression, anti-oxidation/bacterial	68.3 ± 1.6	–	∼1.7 times higher AUC compared to unformulated ZTO	Zhao et al. (2010)
Baicalein-SMEDDS	Root of Scutellaria baicalensis	Anti-inflammatory/cancer/oxidative/viral/allergic	27.54	32.02 mg/g	∼2 times AUC increase compared to a aqueous drug suspension	Liu et al. (2012)
Daidzein-SMEDDS	Leguminous plants (soybeans, soy foods and pueraria lobata ohwi)	Chemoprevention of hypertension, atherosclerotic and cancer	37–121	–	∼2.5 times AUC increase compared to a aqueous drug suspension	Shen et al. (2010)
β-Artemether-  SMEDDS	Artemisinin	Anti-malarial	<100	–	–	Mandawgade et al. (2008)

Figure 4. Ternary phase diagrams (A and B) and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams (C) used in self-emulsifying drug delivery system.

Figure 5. Equilateral triangle representing simplex lattice design for three components.

Figure 6. Schematic representation of intestinal recirculating perfusion technique as employed for the self-emulsifying drug delivery system formulation in rat.

Mekjaruskul C, Yang YT, Leed MG, et al. (2013). Novel formulation strategies for enhancing oral delivery of methoxyflavones in Kaempferia parviflora by SMEDDS or complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 445:1–11

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhao L, Du J, Duan Y, et al. (2012). Curcumin loaded mixed micelles composed of Pluronic P123 and F68: preparation, optimization and in vitro characterization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 97:101–8

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cui J, Yu B, Zhao Y, et al. (2009). Enhancement of oral absorption of curcumin by self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 371:148–55

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhao Y, Wang C, Chow AH, et al. (2010). Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral delivery of Zedoary essential oil: formulation and bioavailability studies. Int J Pharm 383:170–7

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liu W, Tian R, Hu W, et al. (2012). Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of baicalein. Fitoterapia 83:1532–9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shen Q, Li X, Yuan D, Jia W. (2010). Enhanced oral bioavailability of daidzein by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 58:639–43

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mandawgade SD, Sharma S, Pathak S, Patravale VB. (2008). Development of SMEDDS using natural lipophile: application to beta-Artemether delivery. Int J Pharm 362:179–83

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar