Nasal-nanotechnology: revolution for efficient therapeutics delivery

Figures & data

Table 1. Investigational target diseases/pathological conditions for nasal delivery.

Diseases/pathological conditions
• Allergic rhinitis	• Motion sickness
• Alzheimer's diseases	• Nasal polyposis
• Cancer	• Nocturnal Enuresis
• Decongestion of nasal cavity	• Osteoporosis
• Depression	• Pain management
• Diabetes mellitus	• Parkinson's diseases
• Hormones deficiency	• Smoking cessation
• Local nasal infections	• Vaccination against various diseases
• Migraine	• Vitamins deficiency

Figure 1. Potential of nasal delivery.

Table 2. Marketed nasal products for topical/local delivery.

Product name	Drug	Indication
Allergocrom®, Vividrin®, Lomusol®	Cromolyn sodium	Allergic rhinitis
Astelin®, Allergodil®	Azelastine	Allergic rhinitis
Bactroban®	Mupirocin	Eradication of nasal staphylococci
Beconase®,Vancenase®	Beclomethasone dipropionate	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis
Bisolnasal®	Tramazoline	Decongestion
Decadron®	Dexamethasone	Treatment of inflammatory nasal conditions or nasal polyposis
Flixonase®	Fluticasone propionate	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis
Livocab®, Livostin®	Levocabastine	Allergic rhinitis
Nasacort®	Triamcinolone acetonide	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis
Nasalcrom®	Sodium cromoglicate	Management/treatment of symptoms of seasonal and perennial rhinitis
Nasivin®	Oxymetazoline	Temporary relief of nasal congestion
Nasonex®	Mometasone furoate	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis
Otrivin®	Xylometazoline	Temporary relief of nasal congestion
Patanase®	Olapatadine	Management/treatment of symptoms of seasonal and perennial rhinitis
Rhinex®	Naphazoline	Decongestion
Rhinocort®	Budesonide	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis
Sinex®	Phenylephrine	Temporary relief of nasal congestion
Syntaris®	Flunisolide	Management of seasonal and perennial (allergic) rhinitis

Table 3. Marketed nasal products for systemic delivery.

Product name	Drug	Indication
Aerodiol®	Estradiol	Management of menopause symptoms
Atronase®	Ipratropium bromide	Treatment of bronchospasm
Imigran®	Sumatriptan	Management of migraine
Instany®	Fentanyl	Pain management
Miacalcic®	Calcitonin	Post-menopausal osteoporosis
Miacalcin®	Salmon calcitonin	Osteoporosis
Migranal®	Dihydroergotamine mesylate	Management of migraine
Minirin®, Desmospray®	Desmopressin acetate	Nocturnal Enuresis
Minrin®, Octostim®	Desmopressin acetate	Nocturnal enuresis, Management of diabetes insipidus, Hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease (type 1)
Nascobal®	Cyanocobalamine	Vit-B12 deficiency
Nicotrol®	Nicotine	Smoking cessation
Stadol NS®	Butorphanol tartrate	Management of pain/Migraine
Suprecur®, Profact®, Suprefact®	Buserelin (acetate)	Prostate carcinoma, endometriosis
Synarel®	Nafarelin acetate	Treatment of symptoms (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and pelvic pain) associated with endometriosis.
Syntocinon®	Oxytocin	Stimulates milk ejection in breast feeding mothers
Zomig®	Zolmitriptan	Management of migraine

Table 4. Drugs and nanotechnology-based systems under investigation for nose-to-brain delivery.

Drug	Delivery system	References
Amiloride	Nanoemulsion	Jain et al. (2011)
Didanosine	Nanoparticles	Al-Ghananeem et al. (2010)
Doxorubicin	Niosomes	Bragagni et al. (2012)
Lidocaine HCl	Nanogel	Hu et al. (2009)
Lorazepam	Microparticles	Jug & Becirevic-Lacan (2008)
Melatonin	Gel suspension	Jayachandra et al. (2011)
Methylprednisolone	Liposomes	Gaillard et al. (2012)
Neurotoxin-1	Nanoparticles	Ruan et al. (2011)
Odorranalectin	Cubosomes Nanoparticles	Wu et al. (2012) Wen et al. (2011)
Olanzapine	Transfersomes Nanoparticles	Salama et al. (2012) Seju et al. (2011)
Ondansetron HCl	Nanoparticles	Joshi et al. (2012)
Risperidone	Nanoemulsion Nanoparticles	Kumar et al. (2008) Patel et al. (2011)
Rivastigmine	Nanoemulsion Nanoparticles	Yang et al. (2012) Fazil et al. (2012)
Sumatriptan	Micellar nanocarriers	Jain et al. (2010a)
Tacrine	Nanoparticles	Luppi et al. (2011)
Tramadol HCl	Microspheres	Belgamwar et al. (2011)
Valproic acid	Nanostructured lipid carriers	Eskandari et al. (2011)
Ziprasidone HCl	Nanoemulsion	Bahadur & Pathak (2012a)
Zolmitriptan	Micellar nanocarriers	Jain et al. (2010b)

Figure 2. Possible fate of drug after nasal administration.

Table 5. Marketed/Under clinical trial nasal products for vaccination.

Product name	Indication	Status
Feline trivalent vaccine against calici herpes-1 and parvovirus	Herpes	Marketed
Flu Avert®	Influenza	Marketed
FluINsuru®	Influenza	Phase 2
FluMist®	Influenza	Marketed
Human influenza vaccine	Influenza	Phase 1/2
Maxi/Guard Nasal Vac®	Bordetella bronchiseptica diseases	Marketed
Nasalflu Berna®	Influenza	Marketed (withdrawn)
Nobivac BP®	Bordetella bronchiseptica diseases	Marketed
StrepAvax®	Group A Streptococcus diseases	Phase 2

Table 6. Nanotechnology-based systems under investigation for IN vaccination.

Vaccine/Antigen	Delivery system	References
DNA vaccine	Chitosan nanoparticles	Xu et al. (2004)
Human sperm surface antigen – CD52	Liposome	Hasegawa et al. (2002)
Influenza A vaccine	Nanoemulsion	Myc et al. (2003)
Influenza subunit vaccine	N-trimethyl Chitosan nanoparticles	Amidi et al. (2007)
Influenza vaccine	Calcium phosphate nanoparticles	Knuschke et al. (2013)
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine	Gel	Cokcaliskan et al. (2014)
Influenza vaccine	PLGA nanoparticles	Lemoine et al. (1999)
Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccines	Liposome	Hall et al. (2004)
Ovalbumin	Liposome	Patel et al. (2008)
pDNA vaccine	Chitosan nanoparticles	Iqbal et al. (2003)
Peptide T vaccine	PLGA microspheres	Marazuela et al. (2008)
Plasmid DNA	Cationic liposomes	Wang et al. (2004)
Recombinant anthrax vaccine	Nanoemulsion	Bielinska et al. (2007)
Tetanus Toxoid vaccine	Cationic, fusogenic liposomes	Tafaghodi et al. (2008)

Table 7. Pathological conditions and their impact on nasal mucociliary clearance (Soane et al., 2001; Illum, 2006).

Pathological condition	Impact on nasal mucociliary clearance
Primary ciliary dyskinesia	Impaired: absence or dyskinetic beating cilia
Asthma	Increased: inflammatory process and irritation Decreased: epithelial damage
Cystic fibrosis	Impaired: dehydration of mucus
Viral and bacterial infections	Compromised: loss of cilia and change of mucus properties
Diabetes mellitus	Impaired: dehydration and microvascular damage

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