Enhanced transdermal delivery of luteolin via non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle: quality evaluation and anti-arthritic assessment

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of different niosomal formulations.

Formulation	Span-40	Span-60	Tween-20	Tween-80	Phospholipid	Cholesterol
F1	4.5	–	–	–	4.5	1
F2	9	–	–	–	–	1
F3	–	9	–	–	–	1
F4	–	4.5	–	–	4.5	1
F5	–	–	–	4.5	4.5	1
F6	–	–	–	9	–	1
F7	–	–	4.5	–	4.5	1
F8	–	–	9	–	–	1

Table 2. Characterization of niosomal formulation.

Formulation	Size (nm)	EE (%)	PDI	Flux (µg/cm^2/h)
F1	534.58	72.99 ± 1.87	0.131	60.88 ± 11.56
F2	724.72	67.23 ± 2.32	0.198	76.13 ± 8.76
F3	665.44	81.68 ± 2.54	0.155	82.99 ± 7.37
F4	676.56	89.12 ± 3.12	0.141	93.21 ± 16.32
F5	747.81	85.73 ± 3.43	0.201	54.76 ± 9.48
F6	810.22	78.94 ± 3.68	0.111	67.34 ± 8.56
F7	763.23	79.76 ± 2.73	0.176	61.73 ± 10.68
F8	773.89	77.83 ± 2.29	0.163	73.44 ± 9.56
			Control	35.04 ± 13.14

Figure 1. (a) Particle size and (b) TEM image.

Figure 2. In vitro drug release from control gel and niotransgel of luteolin.

Table 3. Effect of application of formulation on paw edema in rats.

	Paw volume (mL)
Treatment	Day 0	Day 5	Day 12	Day 21
Gel base (control)	1.23 ± 0.06	1.32 ± 0.05	1.35 ± 0.05	1.31 ± 0.05
CFA + diclofenac  sodium	1.43 ± 0.04	1.51 ± 0.05^a	1.45 ± 0.05^a	1.39 ± 0.04^a
CFA + LNOF-gel	1.55 ± 0.07	1.58 ± 0.07^a	1.48 ± 0.07^a	1.41 ± 0.07^b
CFA  (toxic control)	1.81 ± 0.03	1.91 ± 0.02^c	2.13 ± 0.03^c	2.23 ± 0.03^c

Values are mean ± standard deviation. ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.001 as compared to toxic group, and ^cp < 0.05 as compared to normal group.

Table 4. Effect on haematological parameters.

Treatment	RBC count (mm^3)	WBC count (mm^3)	ESR (mm/h)
Gel base	7.26 ± 0.06	6306 ± 56.6	2.2 ± 0.2
CFA + diclofenac sodium	6.5 ± 0.114^a	6765 ± 11.8^a	2.3 ± 0.24^a
CFA	5.2 ± 0.04^b	7184 ± 11.3^b	2.7 ± 0.2^b
CFA + LUT niotransgel	6.86 ± 0.02^a	6541 ± 17.7^a	2.4 ± 0.4^a

Values expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. ^ap < 0.01 as compared to control group, ^bp < 0.05 as compared to toxic group.

Figure 3. X-ray of different groups of animals under different treatment.