DNA-based vaccination against hepatitis B virus using dissolving microneedle arrays adjuvanted by cationic liposomes and CpG ODN

Figures & data

Table 1. Characterizations of different liposome formulations.

Formulations	Polydispersity	Zeta potential (mV)	Particle size (nm)
Empty lip^a	0.44 ± 0.03	42.4 ± 6.9	140.0 ± 1.1
Lip + VR-E2E+CpG OND^a	0.82 ± 0.03	38.7 ± 3.5	198.5 ± 7.7
Empty lip^b	0.22 ± 0.01	40.4 ± 3.1	196.3 ± 1.7
Lip+VR-E2E+CpG OND^b	0.42 ± 0.01	18.1 ± 2.8	237.9 ± 1.1

Values represent means ± SD (n = 3).

^aThe characterization of fresh liposome solution.

^bLiposomes in dissolving PVP microneedle.

Figure 1. Photograghs of DMA with Trypan blue in microneedle tips. (A) Overhead view of DMA by digital camera; (B) dark-field micrograph of a single microneedle.

Figure 2. (A) The images of DMA before and after force application. (B) The images of skin surface after treated with DMA and dyed with Trypan blue.

Figure 3. Micrograph of DMA after inserted into the mouse skin in vitro and stayed for different time. After removal of the DMA, the residual microneedles were photographed in dark field by microscopy (10 × 5).

Figure 4. Expression of pGFP in skin after DMA application. (A) Negative control without pGFP loaded; (B) 1 day after Lip+pGFP loaded DMA application; (C) 4 days after Lip+pGFP loaded DMA application; (D) 7 days after Lip+pGFP loaded DMA application.

Figure 5. IgG titers induced by different immunized routes (n = 6).

Figure 6. TCI used DMA with difference dose.

Figure 7. Anti-HBs specific IgG1 and IgG2a titers. (A) The log₁₀ IgG1 and IgG2a titers. (B) The IgG2a/IgG1 ratio.