Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention

Figures & data

Figure 1. Recruitment process of the study.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the subject.

Characteristics	Control (n = 28)	FCR (n = 28)	p Value
Age	59.1 ± 6.2	59.6 ± 5.4	0.766*
Health status
No disease, n (%)	21 (75.0)	18 (64.3)	0.383†
Hypertension, n (%)	7 (25.0)	10 (35.5)
Smoking habit
Not smoking, n (%)	15 (53.6)	23 (82.1)	0.022‡
Smoking, n (%)	13 (46.4)	5 (17.9)
Body weight, kg	71.2 ± 8.0	73.1 ± 7.1	0.344*
BMI, kg/m^2	26.7 ± 2.3	26.8 ± 1.7	0.807*
Fat percentage, %	25.8 ± 2.9	26.4 ± 3.1	0.456*
Fat mass, kg	18.8 ± 3.6	19.4 ± 3.4	0.510*
Fat free mass, kg	52.5 ± 6.1	53.8 ± 4.6	0.409*
Total body water, kg	37.0 ± 4.5	34.7 ± 4.5	0.054*
Blood pressure
Systolic, mm/Hg	133.4 ± 16.0	142.1 ± 18.2	0.062*
Diastolic, mm/Hg	81.3 ± 8.1	84.13 ± 9.5	0.233*
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/l	6.0 ± 0.7	5.9 ± 0.5	0.477*
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.6 ± 1.0	5.9 ± 0.9	0.149*
Triglyceride (mmol/l)	1.9 ± 1.3	1.6 ± 0.8	0.362*
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2	0.888*
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	3.7 ± 1.1	4.1 ± 0.9	0.163*
TChol/HDL ratio (mmol/l)	5.2 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 1.3	0.453*
Comet assay	159.5 ± 117.5	174.3 ± 167.9	0.705*
Malondialdehyde	3.07 ± 2.2	3.38 ± 1.8	0.566*

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

*NS – Non significant using independent sample t test.

†NS – Non significant using chi square test.

‡S – Significant using chi square test.

Table 2. Changes in energy and macronutrient intake.

				p (partial eta square)
Parameter	Baseline (mean ± SD)	Week 6 (mean ± SD)	Week 12 (mean ± SD)	Time effect	Group effect	Interaction effect
Energy (kcal)
FCR (n = 28)	1707 ± 267	1380 ± 238	1402 ± 164	0.304 (0.022)	0.000 (0.350)*	0.001 (0.128)†
Control (n = 28)	1755 ± 335	1741 ± 250	1816 ± 394
Carbohydrate (g)
FCR (n = 28)	215.1 ± 35.2	195.1 ± 40.5	185.9 ± 21.2	0.499 (0.013)	0.000 (0.289)*	0.152 (0.035)
Control (n = 28)	231.6 ± 49.5	233.9 ± 34.6	230.3 ± 51.6
Protein (g)
FCR (n = 28)	56.9 ± 11.9	58.2 ± 11.9	57.0 ± 12.7	0.773 (0.006)	0.000 (0.266)*	0.488 (0.013)
Control (n = 28)	64.1 ± 17.2	69.1 ± 12.6	70.1 ± 15.5
Fat (g)
FCR (n = 28)	68.8 ± 25.4	40.2 ± 10.1	48.3 ± 12.9	0.992 (0.000)	0.000 (0.295)*	0.000 (0.182)†
Control (n = 28)	62.7 ± 17.1	57.8 ± 17.0	71.1 ± 12.6

*p < 0.05, using repeated measures ANOVA.

†p < 0.01, using repeated measures ANOVA.

Values of baseline body weight was included as covariate.

Table 3. Changes in body composition.

				p (partial eta square)
Parameter	Baseline (mean ± SD)	Week 6 (mean ± SD)	Week 12 (mean ± SD)	Time effect	Group effect	Interaction effect
Body weight (kg)
FCR (n = 28)	73.1 ± 7.1	71.1 ± 6.9	70.6 ± 6.7	0.597 (0.010)	0.724 (0.002)	0.000 (0.296)*
Control (n = 28)	71.2 ± 8.0	71.2 ± 8.2	71.2 ± 8.2
BMI (kg/m^2)
FCR (n = 28)	26.8 ± 1.7	26.3 ± 2.1	25.9 ± 1.9	0.447 (0.015)	0.634 (0.004)	0.002 (0.133)*
Control (n = 28)	26.7 ± 2.2	26.7 ± 2.3	26.7 ± 2.2
Fat (%)
FCR (n = 28)	26.4 ± 3.1	26.26 ± 3.2	25.06 ± 3.1	0.760 (0.005)	0.998 (0.000)	0.000 (0.151)*
Control (n = 28)	25.8 ± 2.9	26.23 ± 3.0	26.18 ± 3.1
Fat mass (kg)
FCR (n = 28)	19.4 ± 3.4	18.8 ± 3.3	17.9 ± 3.3	0.803 (0.004)	0.858 (0.001)	0.015 (0.078)†
Control (n = 28)	18.8 ± 3.5	19.1 ± 3.9	19.1 ± 4.7
Fat free mass (kg)
FCR (n = 28)	53.8 ± 4.6	53.2 ± 4.3	54.0 ± 4.1	0.678 (0.006)	0.306 (0.019)	0.238 (0.026)
Control (n = 28)	52.5 ± 6.1	52.4 ± 5.3	51.6 ± 8.8
TBW (kg)
FCR (n = 28)	37.0 ± 4.5	36.6 ± 4.4	36.5 ± 4.2	0.745 (0.005)	0.116 (0.045)	0.057 (0.052)
Control (n = 28)	34.7 ± 4.5	34.8 ± 4.3	35.1 ± 4.4

*p < 0.01, using repeated measures ANOVA.

†p < 0.05, using repeated measures ANOVA.

Table 4. Changes in blood pressure and fasting blood glucose.

				p (partial eta square)
Parameter	Baseline (mean ± SD)	Week 6 (mean ± SD)	Week 12 (mean ± SD)	Time effect	Group effect	Interaction effect
Systolic
FCR (n = 28)	142.1 ± 18.2	140.2 ± 15.7	135.6 ± 15.1	0.848 (0.003)	0.548 (0.007)	0.018 (0.075)*
Control (n = 28)	133.4 ± 16.0	135.0 ± 17.0	136.5 ± 14.6
Diastolic
FCR (n = 28)	84.1 ± 9.5	85.6 ± 8.9	81.9 ± 8.3	0.396 (0.018)	0.687 (0.003)	0.010 (0.084)*
Control (n = 28)	81.3 ± 8.1	81.3 ± 9.2	83.4 ± 8.1
Glucose
FCR (n = 28)	5.9 ± 0.5	6.0 ± 0.4	6.1 ± 0.6	0.952 (0.001)	0.273 (0.023)	0.768 (0.005)
Control (n = 28)	6.0 ± 0.7	6.3 ± 1.40	6.5 ± 1.4

*p < 0.05, using repeated measures ANOVA.

Subject’s health status and smoking status were included as covariate.

Table 5. Changes in lipid profile.

				p (partial eta square)
Parameter	Baseline (mean ± SD)	Week 6 (mean ± SD)	Week 12 (mean ± SD)	Time effect	Group effect	Interaction effect
Total cholesterol
FCR (n = 28)	5.95 ± 0.9	5.66 ± 0.9	5.48 ± 0.9	0.286 (0.023)	0.380 (0.015)	0.000 (0.139)*
Control (n = 28)	5.57 ± 1.0	5.62 ± 0.9	5.64 ± 1.0
Triglyceriede
FCR (n = 28)	1.62 ± 0.8	1.39 ± 0.7	1.41 ± 0.4	0.930 (0.001)	0.309 (0.020)	0.138 (0.037)
Control (n = 28)	1.88 ± 1.2	1.94 ± 0.9	1.81 ± 1.0
HDL cholesterol
FCR (n = 28)	1.16 ± 0.2	1.13 ± 0.2	1.12 ± 0.2	0.305 (0.022)	0.480 (0.009)	0.880 (0.002)
Control (n = 28)	1.17 ± 0.3	1.11 ± 0.2	1.13 ± 0.2
LDL cholesterol
FCR (n = 28)	4.04 ± 0.9	3.88 ± 0.7	3.71 ± 0.8	0.599 (0.010)	0.132 (0.043)	0.019 (0.074)†
Control (n = 28)	3.60 ± 1.0	3.61 ± 0.9	3.66 ± 0.9
TChol/HDL ratio
FCR (n = 28)	5.19 ± 0.8	5.05 ± 0.8	4.97 ± 0.9	0.769 (0.004)	0.472 (0.010)	0.014 (0.077)†
Control (n = 28)	4.96 ± 1.3	5.25 ± 1.2	5.23 ± 1.3

*p < 0.01, using repeated measures ANOVA.

†p < 0.05, using repeated measures ANOVA.

Smoking status was included as covariate.

Figure 2. (a) Total number of DNA rejoining cells as sum of grade 0 + 1 cells. The number of rejoining cells was increased significantly in FCR group (p < 0.001). No significant change was observed in the control group. (b) Total number of DNA damaged cells as sum of grade 2 + 3 + 4 cells. The number of damaged cells was decreased significantly in FCR group (p < 0.001). No significant change was observed in control group. (c) Total DNA damage, calculated using arbitrary unit. DNA damage was reduced significantly at week 6 (p < 0.01) and remained significant at week 12 (p < 0.001). Total DNA damage was also found decreased significantly in the control group (p < 0.05). Data expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical test used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Significant level at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Figure 3. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as measured with HPLC. MDA was reduced significantly (p < 0.01) after three months of the study in FCR group. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical test used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Significant level at **p < 0.01.