Cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of methanol extracts of Garcinia species

Figures & data

Table 1.  List of Garcinia species and their traditional uses in Malaysia and West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Plants	Local name	Traditional uses
G. urophylla	Kandis hutan	The fruits are used to treat stomachache and the leaves are used to treat fever*
G. maingayi	Kandis gajah	Decoction of leaves is used as antifever*
G. penangiana	Kandis burung, manggis burung	The local people use the leaves to treat skin diseases and fever*
G. forbesii	Kandis	The fruits are eaten by local people*
G. eugenifolia	Tetulang merah	The fruits and young leaves are eaten by local people*
G. bancana	Tengkawang, beruas	Decoction of the leaves is used to treat fever*
G. opaca	Kandis	The fruits are eaten by local people and decoction of leaves is used to improve blood circulation*
G. rostrata	Lulai, loli	The fruits are eaten by local people*
G. parvifolia	Kandis, berunai cherry	The fresh fruits are eaten and dried fruits are used in Malay and Indonesian cuisines (Burkill, 1966)
G. nigrolineata	Kandis, kandis hutan	The fruits are eaten by the local people and decoction of leaves is used to treat eye diseases (Burkill, 1966)
G. cantleyana	Kandis	The fruits and leaves are eaten by local people*
G. prainiana	Chepu, button mangosteen	The fruits are eaten by local people (Burkill, 1966)
G. malaccensis	Manggis hutan	The fruits are used in Malay and Indonesian cuisines*
G. griffithii	Kandis, kandis gajah	The fruits are used in Malay and Indonesian cuisines (Burkill, 1966)
G. nervosa	Kandis gajah	The leaves are used to treat skin infections and wounds healing*
G. cowa	Asam kandis, chamuang	The fruits and leaves are eaten by local people. The bark has been used as antipyretic and antimicrobial agent. The latex has been used as antifever agent (Na Pattalung et al., 1994)
G. merguensis	Luli, lulai	The fruits are eaten by local people and the bark is used as a yellow dye while the leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of edema*

* Through personal communication.

Table 2.  Different plant parts of Garcinia species used for bioassays, their weights and percentage yields of the methanol extracts.

Garcinia species	Location	Plant parts	Herbarium code	% yield (w/w)
G. urophylla	FH	Stem	SK97/01	8.3
G. urophylla	FH	Leaf	SK97/01	9.9
G. maingayi	HS	Stem	SK96/01	20.4
G. maingayi	HS	Leaf	SK96/01	9.2
G. rostrata	HS	Stem	SK104/01	8.7
G. rostrata	HS	Leaf	SK104/01	8
G. penangiana	FH	Stem	SK95/01	8.1
G. penangiana	FH	Leaf	SK95/01	5.5
G. forbesii	PN	Stem	PK4/01	4.5
G. forbesii	PN	Leaf	PK4/01	21.6
G. eugenifolia	PN	Stem	SK3/01	5.6
G. eugenifolia	PN	Leaf	SK3/01	10
G. bancana	PN	Stem	SK2/01	3.6
G. bancana	PN	Leaf	SK2/01	8.9
G. opaca	PN	Stem	SK8/01	9.6
G. opaca	PN	Leaf	SK8/01	11.2
G. opaca	PN	Fruit	SK8/01	5.5
G. parvifolia	FH	Leaf	SK94/01	10.5
G. nervosa	HS	Stem	SK183/02	6
G. nervosa	HS	Leaf	SK183/02	23
G. nigrolineata	HS	Stem	NS28	4.9
G. nigrolineata	HS	Leaf	NS27	8.9
G. cantleyana	CH	Stem	SK58/01	7.1
G. cantleyana	CH	Leaf	SK58/01	16.9
G. malaccensis	HS	Stem	SK175/02	8.1
G. malaccensis	HS	Leaf	SK175/02	12.9
G. prainiana	IBS	Stem	SK06/01	3.9
G. prainiana	IBS	Leaf	SK06/01	11.9
G. griffithii	HS	Stem	SK182/02	23
G. griffithii	HS	Leaf	SK182/02	18
G. cowa	HV	Stem	DR-180	3
G. merguensis	AU	Stem	DR-181	4.1

Note: CH, Cameron Highland Forest Reserve, Malaysia; HV, Harau valley, Sumatra, Indonesia; FH, Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Malaysia; AU, Biological Research and Development Forest, Andalas University, Sumatra, Indonesia; HS, Hulu Selangor Forest Reserve, Malaysia; PN, Panang Forest Reserve (Pekan), Malaysia; IBS, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Table 3.  IC₅₀ values of Garcinia extracts in three human tumor cell lines.

Group	Extracts	IC50 (μg/mL)
		MCF-7	DU-145	H460
A	G. opaca, fruits	8 ± 4	37 ± 3	32 ± 13
	G. urophylla, leaf	3 ± 1	37 ± 8	32 ± 10
	G. maingayi, stem	6 ± 3	35 ± 23	35 ± 5
	G. maingayi, leaf	10 ± 9	37 ± 8	35 ± 5
	G. nigrolineata, stem	43 ± 18	5 ± 1	3 ± 1
	G. cantleyana, stem	31 ± 20	10 ± 7	4 ± 1
	G. cantleyana, leaf	28 ± 11	4 ± 1	2 ± 1
	G. penangiana, leaf	5 ± 1	18 ± 8	8 ± 2
B	G. nigrolineata, leaf	5 ± 4	3 ± 1	4 ± 1
C	G. cowa, stem	> 100	> 100	11 ± 4
	G. bancana, stem	> 100	> 100	45 ± 5
	G. malaccensis, leaf	> 100	> 100	58 ± 10
	G. bancana, leaf	42 ± 4	> 100	> 100
	G. rostrata, leaf	65 ± 40	> 100	> 100
	G. forbesii, leaf	27 ± 5	38 ± 8	48 ± 18
	G. opaca, stem	26 ± 7	60 ± 20	57 ± 25
	G. parvifolia, leaf	22 ± 6	47 ± 3	47 ± 15
	G. nervosa, stem	> 100	33 ± 13	50 ± 1
	G. nervosa, leaf	> 100	48 ± 13	34 ± 3
	G. prainaina, leaf	> 100	32 ± 5	31 ± 12
	G. urophylla, stem	70 ± 28	52 ± 18	47 ± 6
	G. forbesii, stem	92 ± 8	> 100	57 ± 25
	G. penangiana, stem	49 ± 27	> 100	50 ± 5
	G. griffithii, leaf	35 ± 21	48 ± 3	33 ± 4
	G. griffithii, stem	32 ± 19	47 ± 7	21 ± 5
	G. opaca, leaf	15 ± 3	48 ± 8	37 ± 15
	G. prainaina, stem	37 ± 2	32 ± 6	36 ± 13
D	G. rostrata, stem	> 100	> 100	> 100
	G. eugenifolia, leaf	> 100	> 100	> 100
	G. eugenifolia, stem	> 100	> 100	> 100
	G. malaccensis, stem	> 100	> 100	> 100
	G. merguensis, stem	> 100	> 100	> 100
E	Doxorubicin	0.01 ± 0.001	0.07	0.12 ± 0.05
	Cytosine arabinoside	0.04 ± 0.02	4.8	2.8
	Vincristine	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01

A: strong and selective activity; B: strong activity; C: moderate activity; D: not active; E: positive controls (IC₅₀ values in μM).

Note: Extracts were considered active if they show IC₅₀<100 μg/mL and in addition, extracts with IC₅₀<10 μg/mL were categorized to have strong activity; IC₅₀ 10-100 μg/mL were considered to be moderate in activity; IC₅₀ > 100 μg/mL were considered inactive.

Table 4.  *Nitric oxide inhibitory activity of plant extracts.

Group	Extract	Mean IC50 (μg/mL) values		Selectivity index
		NO inhibition	RAW 264.7 cell viability	IC50 cell viability/IC50 NO inhibition
A	G. bancana, stem	2	> 100	> 50
	G. malaccensis, stem	2	> 100	> 50
	G. prainiana, leaf	11	> 100	> 9.1
	G. rostrata, stem	24	> 100	> 4.2
	G. rostrata, leaf	24	> 100	> 4.2
	G. cowa, stem	25	> 100	> 4
	G. nervosa, leaf	29	> 100	> 3.4
B	G. maingayi, leaf	33	> 100	> 3
	G. penangiana, stem	33	> 100	> 3
	G. bancana, leaf	34	> 100	> 2.9
	G. opaca, leaf	43	> 100	> 2.3
	G. eugeniifolia, leaf	48	> 100	> 2.1
	G. forbesii, stem	80	> 100	> 1.2
C	G. maingayi, stem	23	39	1.7
	G. urophylla, leaf	15	22	1.5
	G. penangiana, leaf	37	41	1.1
	G. opaca, fruits	17	6.2	0.4
	G. parvifolia, leaf	14	29	2.1
	G. nigrolienata, stem	< 1	< 1	1
	G. nigrolienata, leaf	21	35	1.7
	G. cantleyana, stem	< 1	6.5	6.5
	G. cantleyana, leaf	< 1	< 1	1
	G. merguensis, stem	20	45	2.2
	G. griffithii, stem	25	6	0.2
	G. griffithii, leaf	23	35	1.5
	G. prainiana, stem	1	25	25
	G. malaccensis, leaf	9	50	5.6
D	G. opaca, stem	> 100	> 100	1
	G. urophylla, stem	> 100	> 100	1
	G. eugeniifolia, stem	> 100	> 100	1
	G. nervosa, stem	> 100	> 100	1
	G. forbesii, leaf	> 100	27	0.3

*Positive control used in this study was N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), whereby at 250 μM it inhibited 73% NO production.

A: strong NO inhibitory activity with IC50 < 30 μg/mL and not cytotoxic

B: moderate NO inhibitory activity with IC50 30-100 μg/mL and not cytotoxic

C: false inhibition of NO with IC50<100 μg/mL but cytotoxic

D: not active

Note: All extracts were tested three times.

Burkill IH (1966): A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, Vol. II. Kuala Lumpur, Art Printing Works, pp. 1063–1074.

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