Antimicrobial activity of the extracts and physalin D from Physalis alkekengi and evaluation of antioxidant potential of physalin D

Figures & data

Table 1.  Comparison between experimental data and authentic physalin D: 600 MHz ¹H-NMR spectral data for physalin D in DMSO-d₆ (chemical shift δ ppm, spin multiplicity, and coupling constant/Hz in parentheses).

Proton(s)	Compound 1	Physalin D^a
H-2	5.68 dd (J = 10; 2)	5.68 dd (J = 10; 2)
H-3	6.61 ddd (10; 5; 2)	6.61 ddd (10; 5; 2)
H-4α	1.95 br d (20)	1.96 dd (19; 5)
H-4β	3.10 m	3.10 br d (19)
H-5 (OH)	4.23 s	4.21 s
H-6	3.47 m	3.47 m
H-6 (OH)	4.89 d (4)	4.87 d (4)
H-7α	1.8 m	1.78 m
H-7β	1.8 m	1.8 m
H-8	2.19 m	2.19 td (11; 11; 5)
H-9	3.09 m	3.10 m
H-11α	—	1.75 m
H-11β	0.92 m	0.93 m
H-12α	2.08 m	2.08 m
H-12β	1.44 dd (16; 10)	1.44 dd (16; 10)
H-13 (OH)	5.77 s	5.70 s
H-16	2.78 s	2.77 s
Me-19	1.09 s	1.10 s
Me-21	1.79 s	1.80 s
H-22	4.56 m	4.55 m
H-23	1.91 br d (14)	1.92 br d (14)
H-25	2.87 d (4)	2.86 d (4)
H-27	3.56 d (13)	3.57 d (13)
H-27	4.23 m	4.23 dd (13; 4)
Me-28	1.15 s	1.15 s

^aAuthentic physalin D (Kawai et al., 2001).

Table 2.  Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and physalin D obtained from aerial parts of P. alkekengi.

Microorganism	Inhibition zone (mm)^a
	Methanol extract			Physalin D 100 μg/mL	Amikacin 30 μg/mL	Fluconazole 100 μg/mL
	100 µg/mL	250 µg/mL	500 µg/mL
Gram(+) bacteria
S. aureus	11.2 ± 3.0	18.4 ± 2.2	19.8 ± 3.6	14.6 ± 0.5	24.2 ± 0.4	—
S. epidermidis	17.0 ± 0.7	23.6 ± 3.9	25.2 ± 6.1	17.0 ± 1.2	32.4 ± 1.2	—
E. faecalis	11.6 ± 1.5	22.8 ± 2.9	28.2 ± 1.8	14.8 ± 0.8	21.6 ± 1.1	—
B. subtilis	17.4 ± 1.7	28.6 ± 1.5	28.8 ± 1.5	14.0 ± 1.6	30.4 ± 1.1	—
B. cereus	15.6 ± 2.0	21.8 ± 1.8	31.8 ± 1.9	12.6 ± 0.9	27.2 ± 2.4	—
Gram(−) bacteria
E. coli	11.8 ± 1.3	12.8 ± 1.9	14.6 ± 1.1	8.6 ± 1.5	28.4 ± 1.1	—
P. aeruginosa	13.8 ± 1.1	17.4 ± 1.5	16.6 ± 3.2	5.8 ± 2.0	25.0 ± 1.9	—
E. cloacae	10.2 ± 2.4	15.6 ± 1.7	11.6 ± 2.2	5.6 ± 0.5	22.8 ± 3.7	—
K. pneumoniae	10.4 ± 0.9	13.2 ± 2.7	15.0 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 1.1	25.0 ± 2.5	—
P. vulgaris	12.8 ± 1.5	13.6 ± 1.1	11.2 ± 1.5	6.6 ± 1.1	22.0 ± 1.6	—
Fungi
C. albicans	—	10.2 ± 0.8	11.8 ± 2.7	4.8 ± 1.5	—	23.8 ± 0.8
C. krusei	—	11.6 ± 1.1	13.4 ± 1.5	7.0 ± 1.1	—	26.6 ± 1.5
C. glabrata	—	11.8 ± 1.8	14.2 ± 0.8	3.8 ± 0.8	—	29.2 ± 1.9
C. tropicalis	—	7.4 ± 0.8	9.6 ± 2.2	5.8 ± 0.4	—	21.2 ± 1.9
C. paraphilosis	—	13.2 ± 1.4	11.4 ± 2.3	4.8 ± 0.8	—	22.6 ± 2.5

^aMean ± SD of three replicates; —, no inhibition.

Table 3.  Antimicrobial activity of dichloromethane fraction of aqueous extract of calyces of P. alkekengi.

Microorganism	Inhibition zone (mm)^a
	Dichloromethane extract		Amikacin 30 μg/mL	Fluconazole 100 μg/mL
	100 μg/mL	250 μg/mL
Gram(+) bacteria
S. aureus	8.2 ± 1.3	12.2 ± 2.7	24.2 ± 0.4	–
S. epidermidis	12.2 ± 1.5	14.0 ± 0.7	32.4 ± 1.2	–
E. faecalis	9.0 ± 1.9	9.8 ± 1.9	21.6 ± 1.1	–
B. subtilis	11.2 ± 1.9	13.8 ± 1.3	30.4 ± 1.1	–
B. cereus	14.4 ± 0.5	14.8 ± 1.5	27.2 ± 2.4	–
Gram(−) bacteria
E. coli	6.0 ± 2.4	8.2 ± 1.8	28.4 ± 1.1	–
P. aeruginosa	7.6 ± 1.1	10.2 ± 2.6	25.0 ± 1.9	–
E. cloacae	9.8 ± 2.7	10.6 ± 0.5	22.8 ± 3.7	–
K. pneumoniae	7.8 ± 2.0	7.8 ± 0.4	25.0 ± 2.5	–
P. vulgaris	6.0 ± 1.0	7.8 ± 1.3	22.0 ± 1.6	–
Fungi
C. albicans	–	6.2 ± 0.8	–	23.8 ± 0.8
C. krusei	–	3.8 ± 0.4	–	26.6 ± 1.5
C. glabrata	–	6.2 ± 0.4	–	29.2 ± 1.9
C. tropicalis	–	–	–	21.2 ± 1.9
C. paraphilosis	–	–	–	22.6 ± 2.5

^aMean ± SD of three replicates; —, no inhibition.

Figure 1.  Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of methanol extract of P. alkekengi.

Figure 2.  MIC values of dichloromethane extract of P. alkekengi.

Figure 3.  MIC values of physalin D obtained from aerial parts of P. alkekengi.

Table 4.  Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of P. alkekengi, and physalin D obtained from aerial parts of P. alkekengi.

Microorganism	Dichloromethane extract	Methanol extract	Physalin D	Reference antibiotic*
Gram(+) bacteria
S. aureus	64	64	32	4
S. epidermidis	32	32	32	1
E. faecalis	64	64	64	4
B. subtilis	32	32	32	2
B. cereus	32	32	128	32
Gram(−) bacteria
E. coli	128	128	256	4
P. aeruginosa	128	64	512	1
E. cloacae	128	128	512	4
K. pneumoniae	128	64	256	2
P. vulgaris	128	128	256	32
Fungi
C. albicans	256	128	512	4
C. krusei	512	128	256	1
C. glabrata	256	128	512	4
C. tropicalis	—	512	512	32
C. paraphilosis	—	128	512	2

*Amikacin for bacteria, fluconazole for yeast.

Table 5.  Antioxidant activity of physalin D obtained from aerial parts of P. alkekengi.

Compound	IC50 value (μg/mL) ± SD
Physalin D	≥ 10 ± 2.1
Propyl gallate	0.21 ± 0.01

Kawai M, Yamamoto T, Makino B, Yamamura H, Araki S, Butsugan Y, Saito K (2001): The structure of physalin T from Physalis alkekengi var. francheti. J Asian Nat Prod Res 3: 199–205.

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