Analgesic activity of Heliopsis longipes and its effect on the nervous system

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Structural formula of affinin (C₁₄H₂₃NO).

Figure 2.  Effect of the i.p. administration of 1 mg/kg affinin (Af) and 10 mg/kg ethanol root extract (Ex) on stretches induced by the i.p. administration of 3% acetic acid in mice (n = 7). Control was administered using 0.9% saline, and the reference analgesic was treated with 6 mg/kg ketorolac (Ke). Results are shown as mean ± SEM. Stretch inhibition and the statistical difference compared to the control is shown as *** p < 0.001.

Figure 3.  Effect of the i.p. administration of affinin (1 mg/kg), ethanol extract (10 mg/kg) in the hot-plate test. The control was administered 0.9% saline. Results are shown as mean time (s) to the onset of pain signs. Ke, ketorolac; Af, affinin; Ex, ethanol extract.

Table 1.  Overall activity of mice observed during Irwin’s test.

	Time post-drug (min)
	30					90					180					360
	Treatment**
	S	Cl	Af	Ca	Ex	S	Cl	Af	Ca	Ex	S	Cl	Af	Ca	Ex	S	Cl	Af	Ca	Ex
Behavioral
1. Alertness	3.9	1.6	4.6	5.4	4.7	4.1	0.5	4.6	6	4.7	4*	1.6*	4.2	5.3	4.2	4	2.9	4	4.5	4
2. Passivity	0	2.4	0	0	0	0	3.7	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Animosity
1. Cleanse	4	0.4	4.1	4	4.2	4	0	4	4.5	4.1	4	0.4	4	4	4	3.9	2.3	4	4	4
2. Uneasiness	0.1	0	4.2	4.3	2.2	0.2*	0*	3.7	5.3	3.1	0.3*	0*	3.1	4.3	2.3*	0	0	1.1	2.8	1.7
3. Iritability	0.2	0	3.4	3.5	2.4	0.1*	0*	2.9	3.6	0.9*	0*	0	1.7	3.5	0	0	0	1.1	2.4	0.3
Motor activity
1. Spontaneous motor activity	4.1	0.9	4.7	5.2	4.9	4*	0.5*	5.1	5.9	5.3	3.9*	1.2*	4.6	4.9	4.7	3.9	2.5	4	4.2	4.2
2. Reaction to touch	4	1.6	5.5	5.8	3.1	4*	0.5	5.7	6.4	2.4	4.1	1.2*	4.7	5.8	3.2	4	2.7	4.4	4.7	4.1
Excitation CNS
1. Reaction to noise	4	0.9	2.6	5.1	2.1	4*	0.2	4.9	5.8	1.7	3.9	0.5*	4.4	5.2*	3.1	4	1.4	4.1	4.8	4
2. Straub’s phenomenon	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3. Tremor	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
4. Convulsions	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Muscle tone
1. Limb tones	4.1	2.1	5	5	5.3	4.2	1.1	4.8	5.8	5.1	4	2.1	4.6	5	4.5	4	3.4	4.1	4.6	4.4
2. Grip strength	4	3.3	5	5.5	5.2	4	2.4	5.2	4.9	5.2	4.1	3.3	4.6	5.1	4.7	4	3.8	4.2	4.2	4.2
Reflexes
1. IFR	4	1.8	5.1	5.9	3	4.1	1	3	5	3	4.1	1.8	3.8	4.7	3.5	4.1	3.4	4.2	4.1	3.9
2. Corneal	4.2	1.4	5.1	5.4	2.1	4.1	0.8	4.9	5.6	2.6	4.1	1.8	4.5	5.4	3.8	4.1	2.8	4	4.5	3.9
3. Channel ear	4	0.7	5.4	5.6	2.6	4	0	4.6	5.6	3.1	3.9	0.7	4.6	5.6	3.5	4	3.3	4.4	4.6	3.9
ANS
1. Opening palpebral	4	1.6	5.8	6.5	5.2	4*	0.6*	5.9	6.1	5.5	4	1.7*	4.9	6.3*	5	4	3.6	4.2	4.8	4.2
2. Exophtalmia	0	0	2.3	5.2	3.4	0*	0*	3.1	5.3	3.3	0*	0*	2.3*	4.7	2.8	0	0	1.2	2.7	1.6
3. Miction	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
4. Perspiration	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

*p < 0.05; **S, saline; Cl, clorpromazine; Af, affinin; Ca, caffeine; Ex, extract; CNS, central nervous system; IFR, ipsolateral flexor reflex; ANS, autonomous nervous system.