Activity of Eugenia jambolana, an ethnomedical plant, against drug-resistant bacteria

Figures & data

Table 1.  Antibiogram pattern of the screened extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL)-producers showing the number and percentage of resistance of the organisms to the listed antibiotics.

ESβL-producing organism (n = 236)	A	Ak	A-C	Cu	G	Nx	Ce	Ca	I
Escherichia coli (n = 100)	(96)96%	(21)21%	(72)72%	(83)83%	(73)73%	(89)89%	(74)74%	(78)78%	–S
Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 36)	(34)93%	(23)65%	(28)78%	(26)73%	(22)62%	(28)78%	(29)80%	(30)84%	–S
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10)	(10)100%	(6)62%	(8)80%	(10)100%	(6)60%	(8)80%	(9)90%	(6)60%	–S
Citrobacter freundii (n = 8)	(8)100%	(4)50%	(5)60%	(8)100%	(4)50%	(6)80%	(5)60%	(6)70%	–S
Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 18)	(18)100%	(3)20%	(13)65%	(9)50%	(2)10%	(3)20%	(3)20%	(5)30%	–S
Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 20)	(20)100%	–S	(20)100%	(12)60%	(20)100%	(20)100%	(20)100%	(20)100%	–S
Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 14)	(13)90%	(4)30%	(6)40%	(7)50%	(4)30%	(6)45%	(3)20%	(5)35%	–S
Proteus mirabilis (n = 4)	(4)100%	(3)80%	(3)90%	(3)80%	(3)90%	(3)80%	(2)50%	(2)50%	–S
Morganella morganii (n = 10)	(9)90%	(1)10%	(2)20%	(6)60%	(1)10%	(2)20%	(6)60%	(7)70%	–S

A, ampicillin (10 µg); Ce, cefotaxime (30 µg); Ca, ceftazimide (30 µg); A-C, amoxy-clavulanic acid (30/10 µg); Cu, cefuroxime (30 µg); I, imipenem (10 µg); G, gentamycin (10 µg); Ak, amikacin (30 µg); Nx, norfloxacin (10 µg); S, sensitive.

Table 2.  Antibiotic sensitivity behavior and β-lactamase production by the test isolates.

Organism	Minimal inhibitory concentration (μg/mL)
	Penicillin	Ampicillin	Cefuroxime	Cefotaxime	Substrate hydrolyzed by β-lactamase
Acinetobacter baumannii	1024	1024	128	256	+
Aeromonas hydrophila	1024	32	512	256	+
Citrobacter freundii	1024	32	128	64	+
Escherichia coli	1024	1024	512	128	+
Enterobacter aerogenes	1024	512	256	64	+
Klebsiella pneumoniae	1024	512	512	256	+
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1024	1024	1024	512	+
Proteus mirabilis	1024	256	512	256	+

Table 3.  Disk diffusion assay of three extracts of Eugenia jambolana against ESβL-producing clinical isolates.

Bacteria	Zone of inhibition diameter (mm)
	Methanol	Acetone	Hexane
Aeromonas hydrophila	14	12	10
Acinetobacter baumannii	21	16	13
Citrobacter freundii	17	11	9
Escherichia coli	15	9	11
Enterobacter aerogenes	14	11	8
Klebsiella pneumoniae	16	9	11
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	21	14	13
Proteus mirabilis	19	14	13
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	18	8	9
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	16	9	12

Table 4.  Minimal inhibitory concentrations (mg/mL) of the different extracts of E. jambolana on ESβL-producing clinical isolates.

Bacteria	MIC (mg/mL)
	Methanol	Acetone	Hexane
Aeromonas hydrophila	0.2	1.6	0.8
Acinetobacter baumannii	6.25	12.5	25.0
Citrobacter freundii	6.25	6.25	3.12
Escherichia coli	0.4	50.0	12.5
Enterobacter aerogenes	12.5	6.25	0.4
Staphylococcus aureus	0.2	12.5	6.25
Klebsiella pneumoniae	12.5	6.25	12.5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	3.2	6.25	6.25
Proteus mirabilis	1.6	6.25	6.25
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	1.6	6.25	6.25
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	1.6	6.25	6.25

Table 5.  Disk diffusion assay of fractions of the methanol extract of E. jambolana against ESβL-producing clinical isolates.

Organism	Zone of inhibition diameter (mm)
	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
Acinetobacter baumannii	9	4	14	11	–
Aeromonas hydrophila	11	7	11	8	–
Citrobacter freundii	11	9	13	10	4
Escherichia coli	11	7	11	8	–
Enterobacter aerogenes	9	9	11	7	6
Klebsiella pneumoniae	11	9	12	11	–
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	10	10	12	9	–
Proteus mirabilis	8	9	14	12	7

–, no activity.

Table 6.  MIC values of fractions of E. jambolana on ESβL producers (μg/mL).

Bacteria	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
Aeromonas hydrophila	1000	31.8	62.5	7.9	15.87
Acinetobacter baumannii	1000	31.8	62.5	31.8	125
Citrobacter freundii	500	31.8	62.5	31.8	125
Escherichia coli	1000	62.5	62.5	125	250
Enterobacter aerogenes	1000	62.5	125	62.5	125
Klebsiella pneumoniae	1000	62.5	125	62.5	125
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1000	62.5	125	62.5	125
Proteus mirabilis	1000	62.5	125	62.5	125
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	500	31.8	31.8	31.8	62.5
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	1000	62.5	125	62.5	125

Table 7.  Phytochemicals present in E. jambolana test materials.

Phytochemicals	Crude methanolic extract	Fraction 2
Terpenoids	–	–
Flavonoids	+	–
Steroids	+	–
Glycosides	+	–
Reducing sugar	+	–
Alkaloids	–	–
Quinones	–	–
Phenols	+	–
Tannins	–	–
Saponin	+	+

–, absence; +, presence.