Diuretic activity of squamate mistletoe, Viscum angulatum

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of methanol extract of Viscum angulatum (VA) on urine volume at 5 h, 19 h, and 24 h.

Group	Urine volume (mL)			Diuretic index^a
	5 h	19 h	24 h	5 h	19 h	24 h
Control	0.70 ± 0.27	2.57 ± 0.42	3.27 ± 0.59	–	–	–
Furosemide, 10 mg/kg	10.07 ± 0.83**	1.67 ± 0.51	11.74 ± 0.97**	14.38	0.65	3.60
VA, 100 mg/kg	2.58 ± 0.22*	3.28 ± 0.40	5.86 ± 0.63	3.68	1.28	1.80
VA, 200 mg/kg	2.77 ± 0.31**	4.57 ± 0.61*	7.34 ± 0.91**	3.95	1.78	2.25
VA, 400 mg/kg	3.90 ± 0.20**	5.13 ± 0.60**	9.03 ± 0.51**	5.57	2.00	2.76

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to control group.

^aDiuretic index = volume in test group/volume in control group.

Table 2.  Effect of methanol extract of Viscum angulatum (VA) on urine sodium, potassium, and chloride concentration at 5 h.

Group	Urine electrolyte concentration (mmol/L)			Saluretic effect (Na + Cl)	Natriuretic effect (Na/K)	Cl/Na + K (ion quotient)
	Sodium	Potassium	Chloride
Control	19.67 ± 0.50	24.07 ± 2.96	87.00 ± 2.77	106.67	0.817	1.989
Furosemide, 10 mg/kg	66.03 ± 2.45**	97.10 ± 3.42**	154.10 ± 3.27**	170.13	0.680	0.945
VA, 100 mg/kg, p.o.	30.48 ± 2.83*	16.63 ± 1.95	93.71 ± 2.96	103.19	1.833	1.989
VA, 200 mg/kg, p.o.	54.63 ± 3.67**	31.70 ± 2.19	119.52 ± 3.01**	123.15	1.723	1.384
VA, 400 mg/kg, p.o.	74.10 ± 4.35**	33.60 ± 2.76	141.34 ± 3.49**	168.44	2.205	1.312

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to control group.

Figure 1.  HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of Viscum angulatum (A) and reference compounds (B), betulinic acid (BA) and oleanolic acid (OA).