A study of the larvicidal activity of two Croton species from northeastern Brazil against Aedes aegypti

Figures & data

Table 1.  Larvicidal activities of tested agents on third and fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti.

Oil/compound	LC50 (95% confidence interval) (ppm)
C. heliotropiifolius	544 (435–668)*
C. pulegiodorus	159 (128–200)*
β-Caryophyllene	1038 (754–1421)*

*p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey.

Table 2.  Essential oil composition of C. heliotropiifolius and C. pulegiodorus leaves.

Compound	C. heliotropiifolius (%)^a	C. pulegiodorus (%)^a	RI^b
α-Pinene	0.22	0.03	935
Sabinene	0.40	0.05	974
β-Myrcene	1.02	0.02	991
α-Phellandrene	0.20	–	1007
δ(3)-Carene	–	0.04	1008
o-Cymene	–	0.03	1009
p-Cymene	0.17	–	1024
Limonene	3.82	0.44	1029
β-Phellandrene	–	0.04	1030
1,8-Cineole	0.28	–	1032
γ-Terpinene	0.50	0.10	1057
Linalool	0.33	0.22	1098
Borneol	–	0.23	1171
Terpin-4-ol	–	0.05	1180
α-Terpineol	–	0.02	1194
Bornyl acetate	0.64	0.90	1285
2-Undecanone	–	0.02	1290
γ-Elemene	–	0.08	1335
α-Cubebene	–	0.03	1346
Cyclosativene	–	0.53	1367
α-Copaene	0.19	0.49	1378
β-Bourbonene	–	0.10	1382
β-Elemene	–	0.77	1388
(Z)-Caryophyllene	–	0.05	1403
α-Gurjunene	–	0.12	1406
β-Caryophyllene	35.82	20.96	1423
β-Gurjunene	–	0.19	1429
Geranyl acetone	–	0.21	1445
α-neo-Clovene	–	0.13	1448
β-Farnesene	–	0.22	1451
α-Humulene	3.92	3.95	1456
Allo-aromadendrene	–	0.88	1459
γ-Muurolene	–	0.40	1474
Germacrene-D	11.85	10.55	1483
Valencene	–	0.36	1491
Bicyclogermacrene	19.98	16.89	1499
β-Curcumene	–	0.27	1502
Germacrene-A	–	0.89	1506
Cubebol	–	0.77	1513
Sesquicineole	3.85	1.89	1515
cis-Calamenene	–	0.23	1520
δ-Cadinene	1.76	1.55	1525
Cadine-1,4-diene	–	0.10	1531
α-Cadinene	–	0.06	1535
α-Calacorene	–	0.06	1539
β-Germacrene	–	1.79	1557
Germacrene-B	0.45	–	1560
β-Copaen-4-α-ol	–	4.35	1576
Spathulenol	2.12	–	1579
Globulol	–	0.77	1584
Caryophyllene oxide	1.82	1.66	1586
Guaiol	–	1.08	1592
1,10-di-epi-Cubenol	–	1.17	1613
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol	–	0.22	1619
1-epi-Cubenol	–	0.42	1626
epi-α-Cadinol	–	0.88	1640
epi-α-Muurolol	–	1.15	1642
τ-Cadinol	–	4.56	1645
α-Muurolol	–	2.23	1654
β-Bisabolol	0.90	0.48	1676
α-Bisabolol	1.79	–	1679
Monoterpenes	7.58	2.19
Sesquiterpenes	84.45	83.49
Total	92.03	85.68

^aCompound percentage.

^bRelative retention index calculated against n-alkanes applying the Van den Dool equation (Van den Dool & Kratz, 1963).

Table 3.  Toxicity of C. heliotropiifolius, C. pulegiodorus, and β-caryophyllene against Ae. aegypti larvae.

Concentration (ppm)	Mortality rate ± SE (%)^a
	C. heliotropiifolius	C. pulegiodorus	β-Caryophyllene
30	–	0.0	–
50	0.0	–	–
70	–	6.7 ± 1.66	–
100	–	46.7 ± 1.66	–
300	25.0 ± 5.0	86.7 ± 4.40	1.6 ± 1.66
500	43.3 ± 6.0	100	–
900	–	–	26.6 ± 1.66
1000	76.6 ± 8.33	–	–
1500	–	–	63.3 ± 4.40
2000	100	–	86.6 ± 1.66
3000	–	–	95.0 ± 2.88

^aAverage of triplicate.

Van den Dool H, Kratz PD (1963): A generalization of retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J Chromatogr 11: 463–471.

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