Assessment of antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cymbopogon winterianus leaf essential oil

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of LEO or aspirin on writhing induced by acetic acid.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of writhings^a	% Inhibition
Vehicle	-	19.2 ± 3.7	-
LEO	50	9.7 ± 2.1^b	49.5^d
LEO	100	5.3 ± 1.8^b	72.4^d
LEO	200	1.2 ± 0.9^c	93.8^e
Aspirin	300	0.8 ± 0.3^c	95.8^e

n = 10.

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bP <0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett`s test), significantly different from control.

^cP <0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett`s test), significantly different from control.

^dP <0.01 (Fisher`s test), significantly different from control.

^eP <0.001 (Fisher`s test), significantly different from control.

Table 2.  Effect of LEO or aspirin on formalin-induced pain.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of licks (s)
		0-5 min		15-30 min
		Score of pain^a	% inhibition	Score of pain^a	% inhibition
Vehicle	-	65.9 ± 10.3	-	137.1 ± 29.7	-
LEO	50	35.6 ± 8.2^b	46.0^d	94.3 ± 21.8	31.2^d
LEO	100	5.8 ± 2.9^c	91.2^f	21.1 ± 9.4^b	84.6^e
LEO	200	4.3 ± 3.5^c	93.4^f	8.3 ± 7.1^c	93.9^f
Aspirin	300	22.4 ± 9.1^b	66.0^e	7.8 ± 4.4^c	94.3^f

n = 10.

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bP <0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett`s test), significantly different from control.

^cP <0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett`s test), significantly different from control.

^dP <0.05 (Fisher`s test), significantly different from control.

^eP <0.01 (Fisher`s test), significantly different from control.

^fP <0.001 (Fisher`s test), significantly different from control.

Table 3.  Effect of LEO on the hot plate test in mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Reaction time (s)^a
		Basal	0.5h	1h	1.5h	2h
Vehicle	-	8.5 ± 2.9	8.1 ± 2.5	7.2 ± 3.2	9.2 ± 3.7	10.1 ± 5.9
LEO	50	6.3 ± 2.1	7.9 ± 4.3	6.8 ± 4.9	9.2 ± 4.2	11.4 ± 5.2
LEO	100	9.4 ± 3.7	9.8 ± 3.9	8.4 ± 3.7	8.8 ± 5.1	11.2 ± 4.2
LEO	200	7.1 ± 3.1	11.5 ± 4.5	10.3 ± 5.2	11.2 ± 4.6	12.1 ± 4.8
Morphine	5	8.1 ± 2.7	29.2 ± 5.3^b	26.8 ± 4.2^b	28.4 ± 4.6^b	28.9 ± 5.5^b

n = 10.

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bP <0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett`s test), significantly different from control.

Figure 1.  Effect of LEO on leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan in rats. Groups of rats were pre-treated with vehicle (C, control group, 10 mL/kg p.o., open column), dexamethasone (Dexa, 2 mg/kg s.c., cross-hatched column), or LEO in concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg (p.o., right-hatched columns) 60 min before carrageenan-induced (500 µg/cavity, 500 µL i.p.) peritonitis. Cell counts were performed 4 h after the injection of carrageenan. Each value represents the mean ± SEM. Asterisks denote statistical significance, *p <0.001 related to control group. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (n = 6).

Figure 2.  Kinetic behavior of the LEO determined spectrophotometrically at 515 nm by reaction with the methanol solution of DPPH (30 µg/mL).

Table 4.  Radical scavenging activities of LEO determined by the reduction of DPPH free radical.

Samples	IP (%)	IC50 (µg/mL DPPH)
LEO	99.88	12.66 ± 0.56^*
BHT	95.39	16.33 ± 0.96^*

n = 3. Different small letters means significantly different at P <0.05 in the same column.

*IC₅₀ and IP (30 μg/mL) of extracts were calculated at the steady state (30 min).