Hepatoprotective and behavioral effects of jigrine in galactosamine-induced hepatopathy in rats

Figures & data

Table 1.  Medicinal plant ingredients of jigrine (a phytopharmaceutical formulation).

Botanical name	Common name	Unani name	Family	Part used
Cichorium intybus L.	Chicory	Tukhme	Compositeae	Leaves
	Kasni
Tamarix dioica Roxb.	Tamarisk	Jhau	Tamaricaceae	Leaves
Solanum nigrum L.	Black nightshade	Makoh	Solanaceae	Fruit
Rheum emodii Wall.	Indian rhubarb	Revand	Polygonaceae	Rhizome
		Chini
Rubia cordifolia L.	Indian madder	Majeeth	Rubiaceae	Root
Vitex negundo L.	Nisinda	Sambhalu	Verbenaceae	Whole
				Shrub
Cassia occidentalis L.	Coffee senna	Kasaundi	Caesalpiniaceae	Leaves
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Fennel	Sonf	Umbellifereae	Fruit
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Amarvella	Tukhme	Convolvulaceae	Seed
	Kasoos
Careya arborea Roxb.	Wild guava	Baokhamba	Barringtoniaceae	Fruit
Phyllanthus niruri L. & Hook	Jaramla	Bhui amla	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves
Plantago major L.	Isphagol	Bartang	Plantaginaceae	Leaves
Rosa damascena Mill.	Damask rose	Gul-e-surkh	Rosaceae	Flower
Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H.Wendl.	Yellow berries	Katheli	Solanaceae	Root
	Night shade			Fruit

Table 2.  Effect of jigrine and silymarin on various serum biochemicals in d-Gal-induced hepatopathy in rats.

Group	Treatment	ALT (IU/mL)	ALP (IU/mL)	Bilirubin (mg%)
I	NS	39.83 ± 5.102	19.21 ± 3.28	0.504 ± 0.086
II	NS + d-Gal	385.0 ± 76.72*	47.10 ± 3.98*	1.070 ± 0.164*
III	Jig + d-Gal	87.16 ± 8.73*	19.97 ± 2.75*	0.595 ± 0.127**
IV	Sil + d-Gal	78.33 ± 9.46*	21.62 ± 2.08*	0.690 ± 0.115**
F ratio		22.97	16.71	4.52

Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group II by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.05.

Table 3.  Effect of jigrine and silymarin on spontaneous alternation score in d-Gal-induced hepatopathy in rats.

Group	Treatment	% Alternation score	No. of arm entries
I	NS	68.81 ± 4.10	20.83 ± 1.22
II	NS + d-Gal	57.51 ± 10.31*	17.83 ± 2.49
III	Jig + d-Gal	82.64 ± 6017**	16.0 ± 2.28
IV	Sil + d-Gal	65.20 ± 10.30*	15.83 ± 3.0

Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group II by Mann–Whitney U-test. *Non-significant, **p < 0.05.

Table 4.  Effect of jigrine and silymarin on locomotor activity in d-Gal-induced hepatopathy in rats.

Group	Treatment	No. of beam breaks
I	NS	407 ± 36.83
II	NS + d-Gal	288.5 ± 15.78*
III	Jig + d-Gal	383.83 ± 31.29*
IV	Sil + d-Gal	365.67 ± 27.66*

Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group II by Mann–Whitney U-test. *p < 0.05.

Table 5.  Effect of jigrine and silymarin on open field activity in d-Gal-induced hepatopathy in rats.

Group	Treatment	Ambulation	Grooming	Rearing
I	NS	89.33 ± 5.18	32.83 ± 3.09	37.66 ± 3.84
II	NS + d-Gal	70.66 ± 8.02*	13.16 ± 2.19*	29.33 ± 3.28*
III	Jig + d-Gal	77.5 ± 12.86*	16.83 ± 1.92*	22.16 ± 3.53*
IV	Sil + d-Gal	95.33 ± 11.49*	10.5 ± 1.99*	20.83 ± 3.08*

Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group II by Mann–Whitney U-test. *Non-significant.

Figure 1.  Group I: liver section of normal control rat showing normal liver architecture (H&E, ×100).

Figure 2.  Group II: liver section of rat treated with d-Gal (400 mg/kg, i.p.) showing inflammatory cell collection around portal tract and central vein, scattered inflammation across liver parenchyma, and swelling of vascular endothelial cells (H&E, ×100).

Figure 3.  Group III: liver section of rat treated with jigrine (1 ml/kg, p.o.) + d-Gal (400 mg/kg, i.p.) showing only few scattered inflammatory cells (H&E, ×100).

Figure 4.  Group IV: liver section of rat treated with silymarin (25 mg/kg, p.o.) + d-Gal (400 mg/kg, i.p.) showing few scattered inflammatory cells and occasional periportal clustering (H&E, ×100).

Table 6.  Effect of jigrine and silymarin on the degree of liver damage induced by d-Gal administration.

Group	Degree of liver damage
I	0
II	3+
III	1+
IV	1.5+