Antihyperlipidemic activity of Clitoria ternatea and Vigna mungo in rats

Figures & data

Table 1.  Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemia model: summary of animal groups and treatments.

Group	Treatments
Normal	Vehicles (1 ml of 1% gum acacia and 1% CMC)
Hyperlipidemic control	Poloxamer 407 (1 ml of 30% w/v solution, i.p.)
Atorvastatin	Poloxamer 407 (1 ml of 30% w/v solution, i.p.) + atorvastatin (50 mg/kg, p.o.)
Gemfibrozil	Poloxamer 407 (1 ml of 30% w/v solution, i.p.) + gemfibrozil (50 mg/kg, p.o.)
CT-seed extract	Poloxamer 407 (1 mL of 30% w/v solution, i.p.) + C. ternatea seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
CT-root extract	Poloxamer 407 (1 ml of 30% w/v solution, i.p.) + C. ternatea root extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
VM-seed extract	Poloxamer 407 (1 ml of 30% w/v solution, i.p.) + V. mungo seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)

Note. CT, C. ternatea; VM, V. mungo; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.

Table 2.  Diet-induced hyperlipidemia model: summary of animal groups and treatments.

Group	Treatments
Normal	Vehicles (1 ml of 1% gum acacia and 1% CMC)
Hyperlipidemic control	High cholesterol diet
Atorvastatin	High cholesterol diet + atorvastatin (50 mg/kg, p.o.)
Gemfibrozil	High cholesterol diet + gemfibrozil (50 mg/kg, p.o.)
CT-seed extract	High cholesterol diet + C. ternatea seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
CT-root extract	High cholesterol diet + C. ternatea root extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
VM-seed extract	High cholesterol diet + V. mungo seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
VM-seed powder	High cholesterol diet + V. mungo seed powder (10% of diet)

Note. CT, C. ternatea; VM, V. mungo; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.

Table 3.  Effects of different treatments on food intake of diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Group (n = 6)	Daily food intake (g)
	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 7
Normal	19.58 ± 0.44	20.58 ± 0.23	19.75 ± 0.21	20.92 ± 0.44	20.15 ± 0.40	19.78 ± 0.45	19.91 ± 0.55
Hyperlipidemiccontrol	19.79 ± 0.21	19.47 ± 0.41	19.52 ± 0.39	19.68 ± 0.78	20.75 ± 0.31	20.13 ± 0.50	19.48 ± 0.54
Atorvastatin	18.95 ± 0.52	19.48 ± 0.42	20.12 ± 0.34	20.03 ± 0.32	21.77 ± 0.75	19.41 ± 0.41	21.58 ± 0.48
Gemfibrozil	20.83 ± 0.32	19.91 ± 0.45	18.69 ± 0.50	20.12 ± 0.65	21.83 ± 0.52	22.18 ± 0.37	19.58 ± 0.70
CT-seed extract	19.22 ± 0.31	20.03 ± 0.52	20.66 ± 0.32	19.17 ± 0.42	21.65 ± 0.58	21.15 ± 0.29	21.21 ± 0.54
CT-root extract	20.08 ± 0.35	21.08 ± 0.35	19.43 ± 0.42	21.52 ± 0.47	19.20 ± 0.45	19.19 ± 0.62	19.30 ± 0.52
VM-seed extract	19.72 ± 0.46	20.12 ± 0.33	20.65 ± 0.48	19.17 ± 0.55	22.08 ± 0.35	19.42 ± 0.59	21.34 ± 0.28
VM-seed powder	19.65 ± 0.38	21.08 ± 0.45	20.44 ± 0.37	19.33 ± 0.53	22.10 ± 0.47	20.20 ± 0.45	20.75 ± 0.31

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 4.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on serum lipid profile 15 h after poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemia in rats.

Group	TC (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	VLDL (mg/dL)
Normal	66.15 ± 2.35	54.56 ± 1.72	23.72 ± 0.92	31.52 ± 2.82	10.91 ± 0.34
Control	244.30 ± 5.89*	398.01 ± 4.82*	82.60 ± 4.14*	82.09 ± 8.02*	79.60 ± 0.96*
Atorvastatin	198.14 ± 7.47**	315.99 ± 6.02**	70.14 ± 2.40	64.80 ± 9.42	63.20 ± 1.20
Gemfibrozil	183.53 ± 4.67**	352.83 ± 2.53**	77.61 ± 1.79	35.35 ± 2.37**	70.57 ± 0.51
CT-seed extract	230.36 ± 11.44	327.12 ± 7.53**	80.84 ± 2.52	84.10 ± 10.43	65.42 ± 0.51
CT-root extract	203.29 ± 4.91**	332.95 ± 9.03**	61.19 ± 3.10**	75.52 ± 5.41	66.59 ± 1.81
VM-seed extract	194.80 ± 5.14**	300.30 ± 14.74**	85.31 ± 5.99	49.43 ± 11.91	60.06 ± 2.95

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals.*Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05). TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 5.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on serum lipid profile 24 h after poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemia in rats.

Group	TC (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	VLDL (mg/dL)
Normal	68.53 ± 1.82	56.96 ± 1.72	25.23 ± 0.94	31.91 ± 1.40	11.39 ± 0.35
Control	254.20 ± 3.36*	552.05 ± 47.12*	39.22 ± 2.56*	114.07 ± 7.31*	110.41 ± 9.42**
Atorvastatin	217.31 ± 9.82**	386.87 ± 11.72**	43.42 ± 1.35	96.51 ± 10.91	77.37 ± 2.35**
Gemfibrozil	249.18 ± 2.68	360.76 ± 2.49**	41.41 ± 0.97	130.61 ± 2.76	72.15 ± 0.49**
CT-seed extract	235.98 ± 6.20	381.79 ± 2.39**	35.07 ± 2.71	124.56 ± 5.96	76.36 ± 0.48**
CT-root extract	213.43 ± 9.34**	339.47 ± 6.70**	36.63 ± 1.00	108.90 ± 8.10	67.89 ± 1.34**
VM-seed extract	212.07 ± 5.67**	332.97 ± 10.15**	48.56 ± 1.88**	96.91 ± 6.06	66.59 ± 2.03**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05). TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 6.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on atherogenic index and HDL/LDL ratio.

Group	Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemia				Diet-induced hyperlipidemia
	Atherogenic index		HDL-C/LDL-C ratio		Atherogenic index	HDL-C/LDL-C ratio
	15 h	24 h	15 h	24 h
Normal	1.88 ± 0.16	1.84 ± 0.07	0.79 ± 0.10	0.79 ± 0.04	1.19 ± 0.06	1.18 ± 0.06
Hyperlipidemic control	1.76 ± 0.17	5.97 ± 0.48*	1.06 ± 0.12	0.38 ± 0.04*	3.42 ± 0.10*	0.32 ± 0.01*
Atorvastatin	1.61 ± 0.19	4.57 ± 0.23	1.35 ± 0.39	0.48 ± 0.06	1.43 ± 0.11**	1.13 ± 0.12**
Gemfibrozil	1.37 ± 0.09	5.04 ± 0.26	2.59 ± 0.52	0.31 ± 0.01	1.76 ± 0.09**	0.73 ± 0.05**
CT-seed extract	2.02 ± 0.10	6.36 ± 0.59	1.05 ± 0.16	0.29 ± 0.03	2.66 ± 0.12**	0.43 ± 0.02
CT-root extract	2.17 ± 0.20	5.40 ± 0.28	0.84 ± 0.09	0.35 ± 0.03	2.20 ± 0.12**	0.57 ± 0.03**
VM-seed extract	0.97 ± 0.20	3.88 ± 0.21**	3.28 ± 1.59	0.51 ± 0.04	2.33 ± 0.09**	0.50 ± 0.02

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05). CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 7.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on serum lipid profile of diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats.

Group (n = 6)	TC (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	VLDL-C (mg/dL)
Normal	133.64 ± 2.97	100.46 ± 4.16	61.12 ± 1.32	52.43 ± 2.45	20.09 ± 0.83
Hyperlipidemic control	328.23 ± 6.95*	303.80 ± 12.59*	104.56 ± 3.54*	162.91 ± 9.58	60.76 ± 2.52*
Atorvastatin	162.00 ± 6.97**	162.99 ± 1.95**	66.87 ± 2.47^†	62.53 ± 6.48**	32.60 ± 0.39**
Gemfibrozil	196.41 ± 6.32**	128.46 ± 4.23**	71.07 ± 1.04^†	99.64 ± 7.09**	25.69 ± 0.85**
CT-seed extract	242.26 ± 3.45**	108.42 ± 2.12**	66.50 ± 2.41^†	154.08 ± 3.61	21.68 ± 0.42**
CT-root extract	207.56 ± 8.91**	130.51 ± 5.43**	64.99 ± 2.31^†	116.46 ± 7.73**	26.10 ± 1.09**
VM-seed extract	238.56 ± 7.98**	127.67 ± 7.10**	73.37 ± 2.50^†	139.65 ± 7.14**	25.53 ± 1.42**
VM-seed powder	238.72 ± 2.48**	115.42 ± 9.37**	71.88 ± 1.98^†	143.75 ± 4.06	23.08 ± 1.87**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05), ^†significant reduction compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05). TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 8.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion in diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Group	Fecal cholesterol (mg/g of fecal matter)	Fecal bile acid^‡ (mg/g of fecal matter)
Normal	2.05 ± 0.09	1.29 ± 0.08
Hyperlipidemic control	3.18 ± 0.07*	1.12 ± 0.05
Atorvastatin	2.27 ± 0.07	2.56 ± 0.06
Gemfibrozil	4.44 ± 0.11**	3.93 ± 0.11**
CT-seed extract	4.83 ± 0.13**	3.69 ± 0.04**
CT-root extract	8.50 ± 0.13**^a	3.97 ± 0.10**
VM-seed extract	8.62 ± 0.16**^a	3.57 ± 0.04**
VM-seed powder	2.44 ± 0.10	4.35 ± 0.10**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control group (p < 0.05), ^acompared with atorvastatin and gemfibrosil groups, ^‡as cholic acid equivalent. CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 9.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on HMG-CoA activity in liver of diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Group	HMG-CoA reductase^ψ activity in liver
Normal	1.68 ± 0.24
Hyperlipidemic control	1.19 ± 0.19
Atorvastatin	4.49 ± 0.36*
Gemfibrozil	1.93 ± 0.07
CT-seed extract	1.86 ± 0.30
CT-root extract	1.79 ± 0.09
VM-seed extract	2.37 ± 0.27*
VM-seed powder	1.69 ± 0.11

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with control group (p < 0.05), ^Ψexpressed as ratio of HMG-CoA/mevalonate. CT, Clitoria ternatea; VM, Vigna mungo.

Table 10.  Effects of C. ternatea and V. mungo on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in liver tissues of diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Group	Normal	Hyperlipid. control	Atorvastatin	Gemfibrozil	CT-seed extract	CT-root extract	VM-seed extract	VM-seed powder
MDA (nmol/mg protein)	2.39 ± 0.22	8.82 ± 0.68*	4.17 ± 0.35**	4.37 ± 0.29**	4.19 ± 0.31**	3.10 ± 0.33**	2.77 ± 0.38**	2.33 ± 0.35**
SOD (U/min/mg protein)	2.00 ± 0.20	31.01 ± 2.96*	11.98 ± 2.19**	12.87 ± 1.67**	9.54 ± 1.06**	3.94 ± 0.45**^‡	3.39 ± 0.34**^‡	4.48 ± 0.77**^‡
Catalase (U/min/mg protein)	0.36 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.02	0.30 ± 0.002	0.31 ± 0.02	0.39 ± 0.02**	0.34 ± 0.01**	0.48 ± 0.02**	0.35 ± 0.02**
GSH (μg/mg protein) × 10^3	0.0419 ± 0.0046	0.0119 ± 0.0002*	0.0125 ± 0.0002	0.0151 ± 0.0008	0.0240 ± 0.0012**	0.0248 ± 0.0016**	0.0346 ± 0.0049**	0.0201 ± 0.0011**
NO scav. activity (nmol/mg protein)	134.45 ± 5.73	1545.35 ± 160.72*	546.02 ± 34.66**	372.93 ± 36.15**	351.19 ± 32.90**	380.33 ± 27.89**	433.33 ± 26.35**	415.63 ± 20.30**
Myeloperoxidase activity × 10^−8 (U/mg protein)	2.18 ± 0.22	5.67 ± 0.64*	3.38 ± 0.31**	4.41 ± 0.24**	1.423 ± 0.10**	3.07 ± 0.29**	0.82 ± 0.04**	3.79 ± 0.47**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM from six animals. *Compared with normal group (p < 0.05), **compared with control group (p < 0.05), ^‡compared with atorvastatin (p < 0.05).

Table 11.  Effect of C. ternatea and V. mungo on serum total ascorbic acid (TAA), l-ascorbic acid (LAA), and dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) levels in diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Group	TAA^‡	LAA^‡	DAA^‡
Normal	3.69 ± 0.07	2.00 ± 0.05	1.69 ± 0.11
Hyperlipidemic control	3.26 ± 0.13	2.58 ± 0.14	0.68 ± 0.13*
Atorvastatin	3.44 ± 0.07	2.66 ± 0.14	0.78 ± 0.12
Gemfibrozil	3.55 ± 0.17	2.504 ± 0.08	1.05 ± 0.12
CT-seed extract	4.51 ± 0.26**	4.05 ± 0.19**	0.62 ± 0.08
CT-root extract	3.05 ± 0.10	2.82 ± 0.08	0.23 ± 0.03
VM-seed extract	5.15 ± 0.43**	4.33 ± 0.33**	0.81 ± 0.11
VM-seed powder	5.86 ± 0.27**	4.22 ± 0.21**	1.63 ± 0.16**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM of six animals. *Compared with normal (p < 0.05), **compared with hyperlipidemic control (p < 0.05), ^‡values are in mg/g of liver tissue. CT, C. ternatea; VM, V. mungo.

Table 12.  Effects on phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time.

Group (n = 10)	Treatments	Induction time (min)	Sleeping time (min)
Control	Vehicle + phenobarbitone (80 mg/kg, i.p.)	50.6 ± 1.69	78.6 ± 2.71
CT-seed extract	C. ternatea seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) + phenobarbitone (80 mg/kg, i.p.)	51.2 ± 2.21	45.3 ± 1.78^†
CT-root extract	C. ternatea root extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) + phenobarbitone (80 mg/kg, i.p.)	54.5 ± 1.99	79.7 ± 4.08
VM-seed extract	V. mungo seed extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) + phenobarbitone (80 mg/kg, i.p.)	25.3 ± 3.91**	307.0 ± 4.18**

Note. All values represent mean ± SEM of 10 rats. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test), **significant increase when compared with control group, ^†significant decrease when compared with control group. CT, C. ternatea; VM, V. mungo.