Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Costus spicatus in experimental animals

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of methanol extract of C. spicatus (MECs) or aspirin on writhing induced by acetic acid (n = 8).

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of writhings^a	% Inhibition
Vehicle	—	12.3 ± 1.5	—
MECs	100	5.8 ± 1.7^c	52.8^d
MECs	200	7.0 ± 0.8^b	43.1^d
MECs	400	5.5 ± 1.4^c	55.3^d
Aspirin	200	3.9 ± 1.9^c	68.3^e

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bp < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^cp < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^dp < 0.01 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.

^ep < 0.001 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.

Table 2.  Effect of methanol extract of C. spicatus (MECs) or aspirin on formalin-induced pain (n = 8).

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of licks (s)
		0–5 min		15–30 min
		Score of pain^a	% Inhibition	Score of pain^a	% Inhibition
Vehicle	—	55.6 ± 5.4	—	51.4 ± 5.0	—
MECs	100	21.2 ± 6.5^c	61.9^e	19.3 ± 9.1^c	62.5^e
MECs	200	25.5 ± 6.7^b	54.1^e	8.8 ± 5.7^c	82.9^e
MECs	400	4.4 ± 1.7^c	92.1^e	1.0 ± 0.3^c	98.1^e
Aspirin	200	39.3 ± 14.7	29.3^d	21.3 ± 12.8^c	58.6^e

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bp < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^cp < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^dp < 0.05 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.

^ep < 0.001 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.

Table 3.  Effect of methanol extract of C. spicatus (MECs) or morphine (MOR) on the hot-plate test in the absence and presence of naloxone (NAL) in mice (n = 8).

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Reaction time (licking of the hindpaw) (s)^a
		Basal	0.5 h	1 h	1.5 h
Vehicle	—	7.5 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.7	5.5 ± 0.6	7.4 ± 1.3
MECs	100	5.3 ± 0.7	7.4 ± 1.6	5.7 ± 1.1	8.6 ± 1.2
MECs	200	7.3 ± 0.3	6.5 ± 1.0	15.1 ± 1.7^b	7.9 ± 0.6
MECs	400	8.5 ± 1.0	17.2 ± 1.3^b	17.1 ± 1.5^b	16.9 ± 2.2^b
MECs + NAL	400 + 1.5	6.4 ± 0.4	6.5 ± 0.6	7.8 ± 0.7	9.3 ± 1.1
MOR	5	7.1 ± 2.8	26.5 ± 4.5^c	29.3 ± 3.5^c	28.7 ± 4.1^c
MOR + NAL	5 + 1.5	5.9 ± 4.1	9.4 ± 4.4	8.8 ± 2.0	9.5 ± 4.5

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bp < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^cp < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

Figure 1.  Time (s) on the Rota-rod apparatus observed in mice after p.o. treatment with vehicle (control), MECs (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), or diazepam (DZP, 3 mg/kg, i.p.). The motor response was recorded for 180 s following drug treatment. Statistical differences vs. control group were calculated using ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test (n = 8). *p < 0.01.

Table 4.  Effect of methanol extract of C. spicatus (MECs) or indomethacin (INDO) on carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema in rats (n = 6).

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Paw edema (mL)				% Edema inhibition
		1	2	3	4
Vehicle	—	0.35 ± 0.05	0.47 ± 0.04	0.57 ± 0.03	0.40 ± 0.03	—
MECs	100	0.18 ± 0.02^c	0.27 ± 0.05^b	0.48 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.04	28.5^d
MECs	200	0.17 ± 0.03^c	0.23 ± 0.05^b	0.35 ± 0.03^b	0.29 ± 0.06^b	41.9^d
MECs	400	0.12 ± 0.02^c	0.19 ± 0.04^c	0.29 ± 0.04^c	0.29 ± 0.04^b	50.3^e
INDO	10	0.09 ± 0.03^c	0.14 ± 0.03^c	0.19 ± 0.06^c	0.20 ± 0.03^c	65.4^e

^aValues represent mean ± SEM.

^bp < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^cp < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test), significantly different from control.

^dp < 0.05 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.

^ep < 0.001 (Fisher’s test), significantly different from control.