Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila

Figures & data

Table 1.  Feed formulation used for the study.

Feed ingredients	Weight (g)	Protein content (%)
Ground nut oil cake	25.3	11.79
Fish meal	25.31	13.85
Rice bran	17.01	2.89
Tapioca	8.01	0.16
Soybean	25.3	12.01
Vitamin tablet	1	-
Cod liver oil capsule	1	-
	102.93	40.7

Figure 1.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on total RBC count (×10⁶ cells/mm³) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 2.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on total WBC count (×10⁴ cells/mm³) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 3.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on hemoglobin content (g/dL) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 4.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on antigen antibody titration in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 5.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on phagocytic ratio (%) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 6.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on number of glass adherent NBT assay positive cells in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 7.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on serum lysozyme activity (µg/mL) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 8.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on pathogen clearance in the blood of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 9.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on serum acid phosphatase (μg PNP/mg protein) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 10.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on serum alkaline phosphatase (μg PNP/mg protein) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Figure 11.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos on serum peroxidase activity (IU/mL) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Table 2.  Survival percentage of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.

Concentrations of leaf extract (g/ kg feed) of A. Marmelos	Survival (%)
0	60.0 ± 0.0
5	96.67 ± 2.89 ^**
10	95.0 ± 5.0 ^**
20	91.67 ± 2.89 ^**
25	86.67 ± 2.89 ^**
50	83.33 ± 2.89 ^**

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; NS, not significant.

Note: Each value is the mean of three individual observations with a standard deviation.