Protective effect of Clerodendron glandulosum extract against experimentally induced metabolic syndrome in rats

Figures & data

Table 1.  Composition of diet.

Ingredients	Control diet (g%)	High fructose diet (g%)
Corn starch	60.0	−
Fructose	−	60.0
Casein	21.0	21.0
Methionine	0.7	0.7
Groundnut oil	5.0	5.0
Wheat bran	9.6	9.6
Salt mixture	3.5	3.5
Vitamin mixture	0.2	0.2

Table 2.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on weight gain, food intake, fluid intake, liver weight, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), glucose, insulin and FIRI.

	Control	FRU	FRU+CG200	FRU+CG400	FRU+MET
Weight gain (g)	12.36 ± 1.98	32.59 ± 2.03^###	23.56 ± 2.46^*	16.59 ± 2.7^**	25.99 ± 2.56^ns
Food intake (g/day)	10.24 ± 1.0	11.56 ± 1.21^NS	11.98 ± 1.09^ns	10.09 ± 1.56^ns	12.0 ± 1.34^ns
Fluid intake (mL/day)	34.37 ± 2.0	39.53 ± 1.98^NS	33.52 ± 2.31^ns	36.27 ± 2.12^ns	36.77 ± 2.08^ns
Liver weight (g)	4.56 ± 0.46	5.12 ± 0.4^NS	5.29 ± 0.39^ns	4.99 ± 0.41^ns	4.72 ± 0.5^ns
AST (U/L)	37.98 ± 2.09	45.36 ± 2.99^NS	40.25 ± 2.13^ns	44.09 ± 2.56^ns	39.09 ± 2.9^ns
ALT (U/L)	82.68 ± 4.9	86.26 ± 3.09^NS	79.76 ± 4.1^ns	80.09 ± 4.23^ns	84.57 ± 3.99^ns
Glucose (mg/dL)	100.6 ± 3.67	159.3 ± 5.19^###	137.6 ± 3.21^*	121.8 ± 7.46^***	121.1 ± 4.15^***
Insulin (pmol/L)	221.4 ± 12.42	465.1 ± 17.59^###	341.0 ± 9.056^***	306.8 ± 9.029^***	244.3 ± 16.4^***
FIRI	867.2 ± 51.82	2908 ± 213.1^###	1840 ± 69.63^**	1417 ± 73.45^***	1182 ± 132.4^***

^#p <0.05, ##p <0.01, ###p <0.001; NS, not significant when control versus FRU. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 and ns, not significant when FRU versus FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 and FRU+MET.

Table 3.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on plasma lipid profile.

	Control	FRU	FRU+CG200	FRU+CG400	FRU+MET
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	39.5 ± 1.43	61.25 ± 4.09^##	46.59 ± 2.87^*	40.36 ± 2.25^**	36.01 ± 3.49^***
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	51.93 ± 9.49	122.8 ± 8.93^###	70.87 ± 7.16^**	58.38 ± 7.56^***	67.62 ± 4.14^**
Free fatty acids (mg/dL)	32.19 ± 2.05	66.82 ± 4.38^###	48.76 ± 4.53^*	38.29 ± 3.16^***	44.52 ± 4.24^**
HDL (mg/dL)	24.27 ± 1.38	12.85 ± 0.95^###	19.21 ± 1.35^*	22.55 ± 1.72^**	20.83 ± 1.05^**
LDL (mg/dL)	25.64 ± 2.38	72.95 ± 6.98^###	41.55 ± 4.37^**	29.48 ± 2.1^***	28.59 ± 3.20^***
VLDL (mg/dL)	10.38 ± 1.9	24.55 ± 1.79^###	14.17 ± 1.43^**	11.67 ± 1.51^***	13.41 ± 0.761^**

^#p <0.05; ^##p <0.01; ^###p <0.001; NS, not significant when control versus FRU. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001; ns, not significant when FRU versus FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 and FRU+MET.

Figure 1.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Figure 2.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on area under curve during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). ^#p <0.05; ^##p <0.01; ^###p <0.001; NS, not significant when control (CON) versus FRU. *p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001; ns, not significant when FRU versus FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 and FRU+MET.

Figure 3.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on mean arterial blood pressure. ^#p <0.05, ^##p <0.01, ^###p <0.001 and NS, not significant when control (CON) versus FRU. *p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001; ns, not significant when FRU versus FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 and FRU+MET.

Figure 4.  Effect of C. glandulosum Coleb. and metformin on vascular reactivity. ^#p <0.05, ^##p <0.01, ^###p <0.001; NS, not significant when control (CON) versus FRU. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001; ns, not significant when FRU versus FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 and FRU+MET.

Figure 5.  Photomicrograph of liver from control (CON), fructose (FRU), FRU+CG200, FRU+CG400 treated groups (100X).