Preventive effect of Sphaeranthus indicus during progression of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in mice

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of SI on plasma glucose, serum triglyceride levels and body weight change.

Groups	Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	Serum triglyceride (mg/dL)	Body weight change (g)
Normal	54.42 ± 1.15	83.68 ± 1.17	+0.65 ± 0.06
D-control	76.4 ± 0.84^a**	144.38 ± 2.42^a**	-2.09 ± 0.19^a**
D + keto	66.87 ± 1.3^b**	92.65 ± 1.96^b**	+0.3 ± 0.02^b**
D + pio	55.29 ± 0.94^b**	85.48 ± 1.91^b**	+0.54 ± 0.08^b**
D + SI-200	71.46 ± 1.9^b*	140.87 ± 1.78	-1.96 ± 0.09
D + SI-400	65.08 ± 0.79^b**	136.76 ± 1.9^b*	-0.16 ± 0.03^b**
D + SI-800	55.88 ± 0.96^b**	96.98 ± 1.85^b**	+0.55 ± 0.07^b**
Keto	48.2 ± 0.91^a**	85.75 ± 1.92	+0.52 ± 0.05
Pio	53.51 ± 0.51	81.87 ± 1.83	+0.44 ± 0.04
SI-200	54.55 ± 1.03	84.38 ± 0.82	+0.62 ± 0.07
SI-400	52.63 ± 1.67	85.08 ± 0.79	+0.69 ± 0.09
SI-800	48.93 ± 0.77^a*	82.73 ± 1.3	+0.76 ± 0.09

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6, analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.

^a*p<0.05, ^a**p<0.01 when compared with normal group; ^b*p<0.05, ^b**p<0.01 when compared D-control group; (+) and (–) indicates increase and decrease in body weight.

D, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg i.m.); keto, ketoconazole (24 mg/kg, p.o.); pio, pioglitazone (2 mg/kg, p.o.); SI, methanol extract of Sphaeranthus indicus (200, 400, 800 mg/kg, p.o.).

Table 2.  Effect of SI on hepatic GSH, SOD, CAT, and LPO levels.

Groups	GSH (µg GSH/g of tissue)	SOD (units/g of tissue)	CAT (µM H2O2/g of tissue)	LPO (nM MDA/g of tissue)
Normal	24.42 ± 2.43	73.65 ± 2.95	6.83 ± 0.03	10.58 ± 0.94
D-control	14.77 ± 1.67^a**	22.98 ± 1.02^a**	3.07 ± 0.02^a**	20.94 ± 1.27^a**
D+keto	16.81 ± 1.87^b*	34.85 ± 1.91^b**	4.21 ± 0.04	18.75 ± 0.99^b**
D+pio	18.58 ± 1.76^b**	72.55 ± 3.62^b**	5.83 ± 0.03^b**	10.29 ± 0.87^b**
D+SI-200	16.27 ± 0.32	47.14 ± 0.96^b**	3.85 ± 0.35	16.66 ± 0.49^b**
D+SI-400	17.84 ± 0.66^b*	54.72 ± 1.21^b**	4.6 ± 0.25^b*	14.64 ± 0.34^b**
D+SI-800	20.47 ± 0.57^b**	75.72 ± 1.62^b**	6.14 ± 0.09^b**	11.38 ± 0.64^b**
Keto	23.64 ± 2.11	73.6 ± 4.32	6.82 ± 0.04	12.02 ± 1.09^a*
Pio	25.73 ± 2.31	72.37 ± 3.21	6.81 ± 0.04	10.95 ± 1.1
SI-200	23.77 ± 0.39	71.62 ± 0.6	6.51 ± 0.3	12.06 ± 0.27 ^a*
SI-400	26.33 ± 0.64	73.19 ± 0.37	6.98 ± 0.09	11.69 ± 0.61
SI-800	26.84 ± 1.39	76.2 ± 0.89	7.51 ± 0.35	10.19 ± 0.24

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6, analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.

^a*p<0.05, ^a**p<0.01 when compared with normal group; ^b*p<0.05, ^b**p<0.01 when compared with D-control group.

D, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.m.); keto, ketoconazole (24 mg/kg, p.o.); pio, pioglitazone (2 mg/kg, p.o.); SI, methanol extract of Sphaeranthus indicus (200, 400, 800 mg/kg, p.o.); GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; LPO, lipid peroxidase.

Table 3.  Effect of SI on glucose uptake in isolated insulin resistant hemidiaphragms of mice.

Non-insulin assisted glucose uptake		Insulin assisted glucose uptake
Groups	mg/g/30 min	Groups	mg/g/30 min
Normal	8.89 ± 0.31	Normal + I	14.47 ± 0.77
D-control	5.12 ± 0.33^x**	D-control + I	08.74 ± 0.344^y**
D + keto	7.99 ± 0.37^a*	D + keto + I	10.77 ± 0.37
D + pio	7.44 ± 0.4	D + pio + I	23.46 ± 1.23^b**
D + SI-200	5.82 ± 0.72	D +SI-200 + I	13.18 ± 0.89^b*
D +SI-400	7.84 ± 0.49^a*	D +SI-400 + I	18.39 ± 0.79 ^b**
D +SI-800	8.59 ± 1.24^a**	D +SI-800 + I	28.43 ± 1.51^b**

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6, analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.

^xp <0.01 when compared with normal group. ^y*p <0.01 when compared with normal + insulin group. ^a*p <0.05, ^a**p <0.01 when compared with D-control group. ^b*p <0.05, ^b**p <0.01 when compared with D-control + insulin group.

D, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.m.); keto, ketoconazole (24 mg/kg, p.o.); pio, pioglitazone (2 mg/kg, p.o.); I, insulin (0.62 mL of 0.4 IU per mL solution); SI, Methanol extract of Sphaeranthus indicus (200, 400, 800 mg/kg, p.o.).