Pharmacological evaluation of Copaifera multijuga oil in rats

Figures & data

Table 1.  Copaiba essential oil composition obtained by GC-MS.

Compounds	RI*	%	RI**	Copaifera multijuga
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		97.5		77.9
δ-Elemene	1320	0.3	1344	0.3
α-Cubebene	1332	2.1	1352	0.3
α-Ylangene	1353	0.2	–	–
α-Copaene	1359	18.8	1382	2.5
β-Cubebene	1371	0.7	1393	–
β-Elemene	1373	1.4	–	–
Cyperene	1380	0.2	–	–
β-Caryophyllene	1402	36.0	1426	57.5
α-Santalene	1413	0.3	–	–
α-Trans-bergamotene	1416	7.0	1436	2.6
Aromadendrene	1418	0.3	1447	0.2
(Z)-β-Farnesene	1423	0.2	–	–
α-Humulene	1433	3.8	1457	8.3
(E)-β–Farnesene	1437	0.4	–	–
Allo-aromadendrene	1433	1.1	–	–
γ-Muurolene	1456	1.8	–	–
Germacrene D	1461	1.7	1483	2.4
β-Selinene	1465	1.3	–	–
Viridiflorene	1475	1.2	–	–
α-Muurolene	1480	0.4	–	–
(Z)-α-Bisabolene	1482	0.4	–	–
β-Bisabolene	1489	8.5	1509	0.3
γ-Cadinene	1493	1.1	1515	0.6
δ-Cadinene	1504	6.1	1524	1.7
Cadina-1,4-diene	1520	0.2	–	–
α-Cadinene	1518	0.1	1531	0.2
Germacrene B	1538	2.0	1499	1.0
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes		0.9
Cubebol	1496	0.5	–	–
Epi-α-cadinol	1628	0.3	–	–
α-Muurolol	1632	0.2	–	–
Total		98.4

*Retention indices relative to C9-C22 n-alkanes on the DB-5 column.

**Retention indices from the literature.

Table 2.  Effects of Copaifera sp. oil on peripheral blood total leukocyte count during induction of a carrageenan-induced inflammatory process.

Treatment	Total leukocytes (before)	Total leukocytes (after)	Lymphocytes (before)	Lymphocytes (after)	Neutrophils (before)	Neutrophils (after)	Monocytes (before)	Monocytes (after)
Control n = 7	9991.67 ± 1793.16	14,441.67 ± 6155.52*	7615 ± 1382.23	7653.67 ± 2957.24	1979 ± 630.41	6456.25 ± 3125.49 **	382.83 ± 165.984	331.75 ± 129.99
Indomethacin 10 mg/kg n = 8	8962.5 ± 1985.07	12,300 ± 5288.39*	6116.88 ± 1272.35	5911.43 ± 1976.05	2650.25 ± 1129.19	6205.25 ± 3846.59**	172.31 ± 99.03^2	173.56 ± 245.15^2
Copaiba 100 mg/kg n = 7	7793.75 ± 643.33	13,237.5 ± 4287.80**	5426.69 ± 595.75^2	7049.38 ± 2587.25*	2119.18 ± 979.18	5652.56 ± 2450.66**	198.375 ± 161.92^2	516.1875 ± 339.29**
Copaiba 200 mg/kg n = 7	7418.75 ± 1140.16	12,562.50 ± 2701.29**	5354.25 ± 1023.28^2	5340.75 ± 1227.79^1	1660.06 ± 477.83	5572.63 ± 2235.02**	387.75 ± 247.01	425.375 ± 139.16

Results obtained are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = number of rats.

Student’s t-test (with relation to control group), Student’s t-test (before and after induction of inflammatory process).

¹P < 0.05; ²P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Table 3.  Leukocyte migration to pleural exudate of rats after administration of carrageenan.

Treatment	Exudate	PMN × 10^6 cels/ml	MN × 10^6 cels/ml
Controln = 7	6.04 ± 4.26	4.49 ± 3.89	1.55 ± 0.90
Indomethacin 10 mg/kgn = 8	1.81 ± 0.99**	0.81 ± 0.79**	1.00 ± 0.52
Copaiba 100 mg/kgn = 7	2.22 ± 0.83**	0.69 ± 0.29**	1.53 ± 0.56
Copaiba 200 mg/kgn = 7	2.36 ± 1.67**	0.47 ± 0.51**	1.89 ± 1.44

Results obtained are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = number of rats.

Student’s t-test (with relation to control group).

**P < 0.01.

Table 4.  Effects of Copaifera sp. oil on leukocyte migration in vitro.

Treatment	Migration rate (μm)
Control	108.0 ± 10.60
Indomethacin 0.1 mg/ml	11.4 ± 3.40**
Copaiba 50 μl/ml	98.2 ± 10.39
Copaiba 100 μl/ml	90.6 ± 10.66
Copaiba 200 μl/ml	61.4 ± 9.89**

Results obtained are expressed as mean ± SEM.

Student’s t-test (with relation to control group).

**P < 0.01.

Figure 1.  Effects of administration of copaiba oil on: (A) time in first rectangle before moving on, (B) number of crossings, and (C) number of rearing responses. Animals were given oral copaiba oil or vehicle 1 h before the test. Results are given as mean ± standard deviation. N = 12 animals per group. *P < 0.05 compared with controls; ANOVA/Duncan test.

Figure 2.  Effects of administration of copaiba oil on: (A) number of entries and (B) time spent in open and closed arms. Animals were given oral copaiba oil or vehicle 1 h before the test. Results are given as mean ± standard deviation. N = 12 animals per group. *P < 0.05 compared with controls. ^aP < 0.05 compared with 100 mg/kg group; ANOVA/Duncan test.