Arabinogalactan present in the mountain celery seed extract potentiated hypolipidemic bioactivity of coexisting polyphenols in hamsters

Figures & data

Table 1.  Ingredients of experimental animal diets.^a,b

Ingredients	C	H	MP1	MP2	MP3	AE1	AE2	AE3
Casein	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Sucrose	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15
Corn starch	50	45	45	45	45	45	45	45
Corn oil	2.5	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Lard	2.5	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Mx^c	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Vx^d	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Choline	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methionine	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
α-Cellulose	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
MP	0	0	0.5	1.0	3.0	—	—	—
AE	—	—	—	—	—	0.05	0.10	0.50

^aThis formulation was based on the formulation of AIN-76.

^bC: the regular diet for control group; H: high lipid diet; MP: desiccated MC seed powder, and MP1-MP3 denote the diet H plus, respectively, the desiccated MC seed powder 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% w/w. AE: the dried aqueous extract of MC sees, and AE1-AE3 denote the diet H plus, respectively, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% w/w of dried AE.

^cMx (Mineral premix): CaHPO₄ 2H₂O, NaCl, K₃C₆H₅O₇, K₂SO₄, MgO₃, MnO₃, Fe-citrate, ZnCO₃, CuCO₃, KI, NaSeO₃, K₂SO₄ Cr₂(SO₄)₃ 24H₂O.

^dVx (Vitamin premix): thiamin hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, vitamin B₁₂, retinyl palmitate, vitamin D₃, vitamin E, vitamin K.

Table 2.  Main bioactive constituents of the pulverized mountain celery seeds (MP) and its aqueous extract (AE).^a

Sample	Total polyphenols (mg/100g)	Total flavonoids (mg/100g)	SDF (mg/100g)	IDF (mg/100g)	Yield (%)
MP	3.3 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.1	41 ± 4	447 ± 39	—
AE	30.4 ± 2.3	2.2 ± 0.4	301 ± 21	0	16.2 ± 3.9

^aMP: the pulverized mountain celery seeds. AE: the aqueous extract of mountain celery seeds. SDF: the soluble dietary fibers. IDF: the insoluble dietary fibers.

Note: All contents are expressed in mg/g. Data state as Mean ± SD from triplicate determinations (significance level P < 0.01).

Table 3.  The monosaccharide profile in arabinogalactan obtained from the mountain celery seeds and its retention time in GC/MS spectrum.

Peak no./Monosacharide	Mole % in galactoarabinosan	Retention time (min)
8. Galactose	28.75	37.354
4. Arabinose	24.84	25.368
7. Glucose	17.91	32.941
6. Mannose	6.93	31.264
3. Ribose	6.03	23.919
2. Fucose	5.83	22.996
5. Xylose	5.30	28.857
1. Rhamnose	4.41	22.191
Average molecular weight	878 kDa	—

Note: The peak no. disignates the number assignd in the GC/MS spectrum shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.  GC/MS profile of monosaccharides in the hydrolysate of the glucoarabinogalactan obtained from the mountain celery seeds. Monosaccharide was assingned by peak number as: 1 = rhamnose. 2 = fucose. 3 = ribose. 4 = arabinose. 5 = xylose. 6 = mannose. 7 = glucose. 8 = galactose.

Figure 2.  Ferrous ion chelating capability of the aqueous extract of mountain celery seeds.

Figure 3.  DPPH free radical scavenging capability of the aqeous extract of mountain celery seeds.

Figure 4.  H₂O₂ scavenging capability of the aqueous extract of mountain celery seeds.

Table 4.  Effects of mountain celery seed powder (MP) and its aqueous extract (AE) on serum and hepatic nutritional parameters in male hamsters.^a

Parameter	C	H	MP1	MP2	MP3	AE1	AE2	AE3
Food intake	8.0 ± 0.1	8.0 ± 0.1	8.0 ± 0.2	8.0 ± 0.4	8.1 ± 0.2	8.1 ± 0.4	8.0 ± 0.3	8.0 ± 0.6
body gain (g)	14.3 ± 3.7	14.2 ± 2.8	14.3 ± 2.3	14.3 ± 2.4	14.4 ± 2.6	14.2 ± 2.0	14.3 ± 2.1	14.2 ± 2.5
Feed efficiency	1.35 ± 0.07	1.34 ± 0.06	1.35 ± 0.10	1.34 ± 0.07	1.36 ± 0.09	1.34 ± 0.10	1.35 ± 0.08	1.34 ± 0.10
Organ wt Gain, g
Liver	4.3 ± 0.1	4.5 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.1	4.3 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2
Kidney	0.8 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1
Serum
sTG	138.2 ± 4.8^a	190.9 ± 4.0^f	160.1 ± 3.1^d	154.4 ± 2.5^b	146 ± 2.6^b	171.1 ± 6.3^e	156.6 ± 3.9^c	138.2 ± 3.7^a
sTC	121.4 ± 4.6^a	167.0 ± 4.4^e	143.3 ± 7.8^c	144.3 ± 7.6^c	145.5 ± 8.7^c	146.7 ± 4.7^d	144.3 ± 3.2^c	126.0 ± 4.0^b
LDL-C	30.3 ± 3.9^a	67.1 ± 3.5^d	49.6 ± 2.3^c	49.2 ± 2.2^c	48.1 ± 3.0^c	51.9 ± 5.1^b	48.0 ± 4.8^c	34.9 ± 3.5^b
HDL-C	65.8 ± 1.9^b	62.9 ± 2.2^a	63.0 ± 1.6^a	63.4 ± 2.0^a	63.7 ± 6.9^a	69.6 ± 2.5^d	69.9 ± 1.8^d	67.0 ± 2.9^c
LDL/HDL-C	0.46 ± 0.1^a	1.07 ± 0.0^f	0.78 ± 0.1^e	0.77 ± 0.1^e	0.74 ± 0.0^d	0.75 ± 0.1^d	0.69 ± 0.0^c	0.52 ± 0.0^b
Liver (mg/g)
hTC	20.5 ± 0.8^a	25.1 ± 0.9^e	24.6 ± 1.9^d	24.5 ± 1.6^d	23.1 ± 1.5^c	23.2 ± 1.0^c	23.1 ± 0.8^c	21.5 ± 0.6^b
hTG	20.5 ± 0.5^a	23.4 ± 0.4^d	22.7 ± 0.8^c	22.6 ± 1.0^c	22.2 ± 1.1^c	21.5 ± 1.0^b	21.4 ± 0.8^b	20.7 ± 0.7^a
Phospholipids	75.9 ± 1.6	74.6 ± 3.5	75.0 ± 2.5	75.1 ± 2.2	74.7 ± 2.3	75.1 ± 2.7	74.8 ± 3.2	75.5 ± 3.2

^aC: the regular diet for control group; H: high lipid diet; MP: desiccated MC seed powder, and MP1-MP3 denote the diet H plus, respectively, the desiccated MC seed powder 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% w/w; AE: the desiccated aqueous extract of MC seeds. And AE1-AE3 denotes the diet H plus, respectively, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% w/w of dried AE.

Note: Feed efficiency = [wt gain (g)/total diet intake (g)] × 100, after fed for 10 weeks. hTC: hepatic total cholesterol; hTG: hepatic total triglycerides; sTC: serum total cholesterol; sTG: serum total triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C: ratio of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. All data state as Mean ± SD from triplicate determinations. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 5.  Change of hepatic fatty acid patterns in hamsters after having consumed the mountain celery seed powder and its aqueous extracts.^a

Fatty acid	C	H	MP1	MP2	MP3	AE1	AE2	AE3
16:0	5.2 ± 0.2^a	7.2 ± 0.6^e	6.3 ± 0.5^d	5.9 ± 0.4^c	5.9 ± 0.5^c	5.6 ± 0.2^b	5.9 ± 0.4^c	5.3 ± 0.3^a
18:0	2.8 ± 0.4^a	3.9 ± 0.3^d	3.4 ± 0.4^c	3.3 ± 0.3^c	3.9 ± 0.5^d	3.1 ± 0.4^b	3.0 ± 0.3^b	2.9 ± 0.4^a
18:1	8.1 ± 0.6^b	7.2 ± 0.6^a	7.1 ± 0.6^a	8.1 ± 0.8^b	8.5 ± 0.6^e	8.3 ± 0.7^c	8.1 ± 0.5^b	8.4 ± 0.8^d
18:2	11.4 ± 1.7^f	6.5 ± 0.2^a	8.1 ± 0.8^d	7.6 ± 0.7^c	8.0 ± 0.5^d	7.5 ± 0.4^c	7.3 ± 0.5^b	8.4 ± 0.6^e
20:4	3.1 ± 0.3^f	2.6 ± 0.3^c	2.4 ± 0.2^a	2.4 ± 0.3^a	2.6 ± 0.5^c	2.5 ± 0.2^b	2.7 ± 0.4^d	2.8 ± 0.3^e

^aC: the regular diet for control group; H: high lipid diet; MP: desiccated MC seed powder, and MP1-MP3 denote the diet H plus, respectively, the desiccated MC seed powder 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% w/w; AE: the dried aqueous extract of MC seeds, and AE1-AE3 denote the diet H plus, respectively, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% w/w of dried AE.

Note: The amount of fatty acid is expressed in mg/g. All data state as Mean ± SD from triplicate determinations. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).