Artemisia annua extracts, artemisinin and 1,8-cineole, prevent fruit infestation by a major, cosmopolitan pest of apples

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Chemical structures of two secondary metabolites of Artemisia annua, artemisinin and 1,8-cineole, tested for codling moth deterrence in this study. Both these compounds exhibit weak deterrent effects, which do not explain deterrent activity of A. annua extracts toward codling moth neonates, suggesting presence of other codling moth deterrent compounds in this plant.

Figure 2.  Test arena in our bioassay. (A, C) Plugs treated with experimental solutions. (B, D) Plugs treated with control solutions. (E) Glass rod.

Table 1.  Effects of crude extract from Artemisia annua on apple feeding by codling moth neonates.

Concentration (mg/ml)	Number of neonates feeding		Deterrence index
	Treated	Control
10	2***	43	95.3
3	9**	36	75.0
1	12*	31	61.3
0.1	26	32	18.8

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 in Fisher’s Exact test.

Table 2.   Effects of alcoholic solutions of artemisinin on apple feeding by codling moth neonates.

Concentration (mg/ml)	Number of neonates feeding		Deterrence index
	Treated	Control
30	9**	39	79.5
10	11*	32	65.6
3	21	40	47.5
1	18	25	28.0
0.1	22	27	18.5

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 in Fisher’s Exact test.

Table 3.   Effects of alcoholic solutions of 1,8-cineole on apple feeding by codling moth neonates.

Concentration (mg/ml)	Number of neonates feeding		Deterrence index
	Treated	Control
300	9**	39	76.9
100	20*	46	56.5
30	26	46	45.6
10	43	37	Not deterrent
3	22	23	4.4
1	31	34	8.8
0.1	27	21	Not deterrent

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 in Fisher’s Exact test.

Table 4.   Effects of partitioning on codling moth deterrent effects of Artemisia annua extract.

Fraction (10µg/ml)	Number of neonates feeding		Deterrence index
	Treated	Control
Alcohol	12***	54	77.8
Hexane	16***	67	76.1

***P < 0.001 in Fisher’s Exact test.