Figures & data
Figure 2. The destabilization of Aβ1–40 oligomers measured by the thioflavin T fluorescence assay. Preformed Aβ1–40 oligomers were incubated in the presence of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) (10 µg/mL), borneol (10 µg/mL), salvianic acid A (10 µg/mL), or the mixture of borneol and salvianic acid A (1:1, both 5 µg/mL) for 30 min. Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 versus control (Aβ1–40 oligomers without treatment) (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test).
![Figure 2. The destabilization of Aβ1–40 oligomers measured by the thioflavin T fluorescence assay. Preformed Aβ1–40 oligomers were incubated in the presence of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) (10 µg/mL), borneol (10 µg/mL), salvianic acid A (10 µg/mL), or the mixture of borneol and salvianic acid A (1:1, both 5 µg/mL) for 30 min. Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 versus control (Aβ1–40 oligomers without treatment) (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test).](/cms/asset/b4b7ceff-03a8-402e-ae68-d0b42c38617b/iphb_a_559585_f0002_b.gif)
Figure 3. Effects of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) on Aβ1–40 oligomers destabilization measured by the thioflavin T fluorescence assay. SBE destabilized Aβ1–40 oligomers (A) in dose-dependent manner (incubation for 30 min) and in time-dependent manner (SBE at 10 µg/mL) (B). Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant destabilizing activities of SBE were observed dose-dependently at concentration above 5 µg/mL (P < 0.001 vs. control) and time-dependently at and above 1 h (P < 0.001 vs. control) (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test).
![Figure 3. Effects of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) on Aβ1–40 oligomers destabilization measured by the thioflavin T fluorescence assay. SBE destabilized Aβ1–40 oligomers (A) in dose-dependent manner (incubation for 30 min) and in time-dependent manner (SBE at 10 µg/mL) (B). Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant destabilizing activities of SBE were observed dose-dependently at concentration above 5 µg/mL (P < 0.001 vs. control) and time-dependently at and above 1 h (P < 0.001 vs. control) (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test).](/cms/asset/56f57bcb-3633-496a-bce7-c4800122f915/iphb_a_559585_f0003_b.gif)
Figure 4. Electron micrographs of Aβ1–40 oligomers. Aβ1–40 oligomers were incubated in the absence (A) or presence of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) 2.5 µg/mL (B), 20 µg/mL (C), or 40 µg/mL (D). Magnification: 100,000×; scale bar = 170 nm.
![Figure 4. Electron micrographs of Aβ1–40 oligomers. Aβ1–40 oligomers were incubated in the absence (A) or presence of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) 2.5 µg/mL (B), 20 µg/mL (C), or 40 µg/mL (D). Magnification: 100,000×; scale bar = 170 nm.](/cms/asset/0e08d281-06eb-471c-99c3-63ce67287877/iphb_a_559585_f0004_b.gif)
Figure 5. The protection of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) against toxicity induced by H2O2 in SH-SY5Y cells and VSC 4.1 cells. MTT cell viability assay for SH-SY5Y cells (A) and VSC 4.1 cells (B). Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 4–6). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 versus H2O2 alone. ##P < 0.001 versus control (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test). Representative photomicrographs showing SH-SY5Y cells exposed to vehicle (C), H2O2 (D), or both H2O2 and 10 µM SBE (E); VSC 4.1 cells exposed to vehicle (F), H2O2 (G), or both H2O2 and 10 µM SBE (H). Magnification: 400×.
![Figure 5. The protection of salvianic borneol ester (SBE) against toxicity induced by H2O2 in SH-SY5Y cells and VSC 4.1 cells. MTT cell viability assay for SH-SY5Y cells (A) and VSC 4.1 cells (B). Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 4–6). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 versus H2O2 alone. ##P < 0.001 versus control (one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s post hoc test). Representative photomicrographs showing SH-SY5Y cells exposed to vehicle (C), H2O2 (D), or both H2O2 and 10 µM SBE (E); VSC 4.1 cells exposed to vehicle (F), H2O2 (G), or both H2O2 and 10 µM SBE (H). Magnification: 400×.](/cms/asset/7a9adfa3-8b17-4c18-b05c-2b8d68c00972/iphb_a_559585_f0005_b.gif)