Antimalarial natural products drug discovery in Panama

Figures & data

Table 1.  Plant families with higher number of genera in Panamanian flora, 50 or more.

Family	Genera per family
Orchidaceae	225
Asteraceae	145
Fabaceae
Caesalpinioideae 24
Mimosoideae 25	118
Papilionoideae 69
Poaceae	117
Rubiaceae	95
Euphorbiaceae	52
Apocynaceae	50

Table 2.  Genera with higher number of species in Panamanian flora, 100 or more.

Family	Genus	No. of species
Orchidaceae	Epidendrum	199
Piperaceae	Piper	185
Araceae	Anthurium	156
Lomariopsidaceae	Elaphoglossum	125
Melastomataceae	Miconia	107
Rubiaceae	Psychotria	107
Araceae	Philodendron	104
Piperaceae	Peperomia	102

Table 3.  Medicinal plants used for symptoms of malaria by Kuna, Ngobe Buglé, and Teribe Indians of Panama.

Family	Species	Use (plant part; preparation; AmerIndian group)
Acanthaceae	Aphelandra tonduzii Leonard	Fever (WP; D; NB)
	Justicia sp.	Internal fever (WP; I; K)
	Ruellia biolleyi Lindau	Fever (St; D; NB)
	Ruellia cf. metallica Leonard	Body ache, fever (St; D; TB)
Amaryllidaceae	Crinum darienensis Woodson	Fever (WP; I; K)
	Philodendron sp.	Fever (WP; D; NB)
Asteraceae	Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.	Fever,malaria (St; I; NB)
Begoniaceae	Begonia multinervia Liebm.	Fever (Pt; Jc; TB)
Bignoniaceae	Arrabidaea verrucosa (Standl.) A. Gentry	Fever (WP; I; K)
Boraginaceae	Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken	Fever (L; D; TB)
	Tournefortia bicolor Sw.	Fever (St; L; D; TB)
	Tournefortia cuspidata Kunth	Fever (St; D; TB)
Caryophyllaceae	Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult.	Fever (WP; D; TB)
Cucurbitaceae	Momordica charantia L.	Fever (WP; D; TB);
Fabaceae	Calliandra stipulacea Benth	Fever (WP; I; K)
Gesneriaceae	Besleria laxiflora Benth.	Fever (L; D; TB)
	Besleria solanoides Kunth	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Columnea nicaraguensis Oerst.	Fever (St, L; D; TB)
	Columnea tulae Urb. var. tomentulosa (C.V. Morton) B.D. Morley	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Diastema scabrum (Poepp.) Benth. ex. Walp.	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Drymonia macrophylla (Oerst.) H.E. Moore	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Drymonia serrulata (Jacq.) Mart.	Fever (St; D; NB)
	Gasteranthus acropodus (Donn. Sm.) Wiehler	Fever (WP; D; TB)
	Gasteranthus imbricans (Donn. Sm.) Wiehler	Fever (St; D; TB)
Malpighiaceae	Banisteriopsis muricata (Cav.) Cuatr.	Fever ( St; I; NB)
	Heteropteris obovata (Small) Cuatr. et Croat.	Fever (St; D; NB)
Malvaceae	Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawc. et Rendl.	Fever (WP; D; K)
Melastomataceae	Ossaea quinquenervia (Mill.) Cogn.	Fever (St; D; TB)
Piperaceae	Piper hispidum Sw.	Fever (St; D; TB
Polygalaceae	Polygala paniculata L.	Fever (WP; D; TB)
Polypodiaceae	Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger	Fever (L; D; NB)
Rubiaceae	Coffea arabica L.	Fever (L; I; K)
	Manettia reclinata L. Mant.	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Notopleura anomothyrsa (K. Schum. & Donn. Sm.) C.M. Taylor	Fever (St; D; TB
	Pentagonia pinnatifida Seem.	Fever (R; I; K)
	Psychotria emetica L.f.	Fever (R; D; TB)
	Psychotria psychotriifolia (Seem.) Standl.	Fever (St; D; TB)
	Psychotria uliginosa Sw.	Fever (L; I; NB)
Scrophulariaceae	Scoparia dulcis L.	Fever (St; D; TB
Selaginellaceae	Selaginella sp.	Fever (L; IK; K)
Simaroubaceae	Simaba cedron Planch.	Fever, malaria (F; I; NB)
Siparunaceae	Siparuna sp.	Fever (L; I; K)
Solanaceae	Cestrum nocturnum L.	Fever (L; D; TB)
	Witheringia correana D’Arcy	Fever (St; D; TB)
Verbanaceae	Lantana trifolia L.	Fever (St, L; D; TB)

AP,aerial parts; C,cataplasm; D,decoction; DA,direct application; Fl,flower; Ht,heart; I,infusion; ID, ina dibialet; IK,Ina kuamakalet; In,Inflorescence; Jc,juice; K,Kuna Indians; L: leave; NB,Ngöäbe-Buglé; NS,not specified; P,peel; Pt,petioles; R,root; Rs,resin; Rz,rhizomes; S,sap; Sc,scales; Sd,seed; St,stem; T,tuber; TB,Teribes [Joly et al (1987, 1993), Gupta et al (1993), Gupta et al (2005)]; VI,vines; WP,whole plant; WP,whole plant.

Figure 1.  Antimalarial compounds isolated from Panamanian plants.

Joly LG, Guerra S, Séptimo R, Solís PN, Correa M, Gupta M, Levy S, Sandberg F. (1987). Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used by the Guaymi Indians in western Panama. Part I. j Ethnopharmacol, 20, 145–171.

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