Reversal of haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia by Murraya koenigii leaves in experimental animals

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on haloperidol-induced VCMs in rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. ^# p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Figure 2.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on haloperidol-induced OB in rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. # p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Figure 3.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on haloperidol-induced TPs in rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. ^# p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Figure 4.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on number of squares traveled in haloperidol-treated rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. ^# p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Figure 5.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on grooming in haloperidol-treated rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. ^# p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Figure 6.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on body weight in haloperidol-treated rats. n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM. # p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group. * p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. HPL: Haloperidol, EEMK: alcohol extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, AMK: alkaloids isolated from EEMK.

Table 1.  Effect of Murraya koenigii on biochemical parameters in haloperidol-treated rats.

Treatment	SOD (U/mg of wet tissue)	CAT (U/g of wet tissue)	GSH (nmol/mg of wet tissue)	LPO (µmol/mg of wet tissue)
Vehicle	0.1655 ± 0.03	0.3158 ± 0.01	8.682 ± 0.68	3.26 ± 0.23
HPL 1	0.1573 ± 0.02#	0.2478 ± 0.02#	5.901 ± 0.28#	7.95 ± 0.76#
EEMK 100 + HPL 1	0.220 ± 0.01*	0.2817 ± 0.02	8.613 ± 0.10*	5.84 ± 1.45
EEMK 300 + HPL 1	0.258 ± 0.01*	0.5748 ± 0.07*	11.54 ± 1.05*	3.53 ± 0.87*
AMK 30 + HPL 1	0.223 ± 0.02*	0.4725 ± 0.02*	10.59 ± 0.16*	3.27 ± 1.22*
AMK 100 + HPL 1	0.2395 ± 0.006*	0.653 ± 0.02*	11.76 ± 0.30*	2.97 ± 0.94*
Vitamin E 10 + HPL 1	0.2948 ± 0.01*	0.7547 ± 0.05*	12.84 ± 0.16*	2.63 ± 0.47*

n = 5. The observations are mean ± SEM.

# p < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated group.

* p < 0.05 compared with haloperidol-treated group. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.