Anti-Streptococcus mutans efficacy of Thai herbal formula used as a remedy for dental caries

Figures & data

Table 1.  Antibacterial activity against two strains of Streptococcus mutans of 35 Thai herbal formulas used against dental caries by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods.

THF-DC No.	Herbal components	Inhibition zone (mm)		MIC (µg/mL)
		GS-5	ATCC 25175
1	Allium sativum (Bl), Alpinia galanga (Rh), Avicennia marina (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd*
2	Acmella oleracea (Wp), Avicennia marina (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
3	Avicennia marina (L), Uncaria gambir (L)	≤6.0	≤ 6.0	nd
4	Albizia myriophylla (SB), Alpinia galangal (Rh), Avicennia marina (L), Ocimum sanctum (L)	7.0	8.0	250
5	Avicennia marina (L), Borussus flabellifer (L), Corypha lecomtei (L), Pouzolzia pentandra (L)	≤6.0	7.0	nd
6	Avicennia marina (L), Azadirachta indica (SB), Mimusops elengi (F), Syzygium aromaticum (F), Tamarindus indica (SB)	≤6.0	8.0	nd
7	Tamarindus indica (SB), Phyllanthus emblica (SB), Pithecellobium dulce (SB)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
8	Avicennia marina (L), Combretum quadrangulare (SB), Pouzolzia pentandra (L), Tinospora crispa (Wp)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
9	Avicennia marina (L), Mimusops elengi (F), Pouzolzia pentandra (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
10	Hopea odorata (SB), Ficus religiosa (W)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
11	Barringtonia acutangula (F), Quercus infectoria (G), Uncaria gambir (L)	≤6.0	7.5	nd
12	Capparis micracantha (SB), Clerodendrum petasites (SB), Harrisonia perforata (SB), Tiliacora triandra (SB)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
13	Avicennia marina (L), Curcuma longa (Rh)	7.0	≤6.0	nd
14	Avicennia marina (L), Holarrhena pubescens (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
15	Avicennia marina (L), Ocimum sanctum (L), Sapium indicum (L)	10.0	7.0	>1000
16	Avicennia marina (L), Pouzolzia pentandra (L), Pterocarpus indicus (SB)	8.0	8.5	1000
17	Pouzolzia pentandra (L), Syzygium cumini (L)	9.5	≤6.0	nd
18	Avicennia marina (L), Psidium guajava (L), Senna alata (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
19	Avicennia marina (L), Euphorbia neriifolia (L), Senna alata (L)	8.0	≤6.0	nd
20	Euphorbia neriifolia (L), Terminalia bellerica (F), Terminalia chebula (F)	9.0	≤6.0	nd
21	Avicennia marina (L), Annona sguamosa (L), Carica papyya (R)	9.5	≤6.0	nd
22	Avicennia marina (L), Cocos nucifera (R)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
23	Coccinia grandis (L), Rhinacanthus nasutus (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
24	Angelica dahurica (R), Abroma augusta (S), Aquilaria crassna (SB), Euphorbia antiquorum (SB), Lawsonia inermis (SB), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl), Oroxylum indicum (SB), Piper nigrum (F), Piper retrofractum (Fl), Terminalia triptera (SB), Zingiber cassumunar (Rh), Zingiber officinale (Rh)	8.0	7.5	1000
25	Abroma augusta (S), Amomum krevanh (L), Anethum graveolens (S), Angelica dahurica (R), Angelica sinensis (R), Artemisia indica (Rh), Artemisia vulgaris (Rh), Asclepias curassavica (S), Atractylodes lancea (R), Cladogynos orientalis (SB), Eurycoma longifolia (L), Foeniculum vulgare (S), Hyptis suaveolens (L), Ligusticum chuanxiong (R), Lawsonia inermis (S), Myristica fragrans (F), Raphistemma pulchellum (SB), Ocimum basilicum (L), Phyllanthus emblica (SB), Piper nigrum (F), Piper retrofractum (Fl), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl), Terminalia chebula (F), Zingiber officinale (Rh)	7.0	≤6.0	nd
26	Areca catechu (F), Avicennia marina (L), Phyllanthus emblica (SB), Streblus asper (SB)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
27	Areca catechu (F), Nicotiana tabacum (L), Piper betle (L)	≤6.0	≤6.0	nd
28	Avicennia marina (L), Peperomia pellucida (L), Phyllanthus emblica (SB), Streblus asper (SB), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl)	20.5	22.5	1000
29	Acmella oleracea (Wp), Avicennia marina (L), Piper betle (L), Streblus asper (SB), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl)	18.5	19.5	1000
30	Avicennia marina (L), Areca catechu (F), Phyllanthus emblica (SB), Zingiber officinale (Rh)	19.0	16.5	1000
31	Abroma augusta (S), Avicennia marina (L), Anethum graveolens (S), Asclepias curassavica (S), Foeniculum vulgare (S), Lawsonia inermis (S), Pouzolzia pentandra (L), Streblus asper (SB), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl)	8.0	10.5	>1000
32	Avicennia marina (L), Amomum krevanh (L), Areca catechu (F), Flacourtia indica (SB), Pouzolzia pentandra (L), Syzygium aromaticum (Fl)	≤6.0	≤ 6.0	nd
33	Avicennia marina (L), Acmella oleracea (Wp), Murraya paniculata (L)	15.0	16.5	1000
34	Acmella oleracea (Wp), Avicennia marina (L), Plectranthus amboinicus (L), Pouzolzia pentandra (L)	16.5	18.0	500
35	Acmella oleracea (Wp), Areca catechu (F), Avicennia marina (L), Streblus asper (SB)	14.0	17.0	1000
Pen G		52	42	nd

*Not done.

MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Table 2.  Ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and minimum inhibitory concentration data of active medicinal plants in Thai herbal formulas used against dental caries.

Scientific name	Voucher number	Part used	Thai traditional uses	Phytochemical	MIC (µg/mL)
	(Local name)
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen	S. Pratumwan 003	Whole plant	As diuretic, laxative, against fever, headache, toothache	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones	1000
	(Pukkad huawan)
(Compositae)
Albizia myriophylla Benth.	S. Pratumwan 006	wood	Antitussive, expectorant, demulcent, tonic	Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids	3.9
	(Cha-em thai)
(Leguminosae)
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.	S. Pratumwan 001	Rhizome	Carminative, against skin disease	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, terpenoids	500
	(Kha)
(Zingiberaceae)
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.	S. Pratumwan 068	Leaves	Blood and circulation, diuretic, against menstrual disorders	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, terpenoids	62.5
	(Samae thale)
(Acanthaceae)
Ocimum sanctum L.	S. Pratumwan 005	Whole plant	Carminative, antidiarrhoea, antiemetic	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids	1000
(Lamiaceae)	(Kapao dang)
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae)	S. Pratumwan 063	Leaves	Otitis acuta	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones	1000
	(Neam huseu)
Pouzolzia pentandra (Roxb.) Benn.	S. Pratumwan 009	Leaves	Diuretic, against menstrual disorders, skin inflammation, periodentitis, cancer	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, terpenoids	1000
(Urticaceae)	(Kob-chanang-dang)

MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.