Essential oil variation in the populations of Artemisia spicigera from northwest of Iran: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity

Figures & data

Table 1.  Different localities of A. spicigera population that were studied in this research.

Locality number	Herbarium vouchers	Locations	Geographical characters	Collectors	Altitude (m)	Slope (%)	Direction of slope	Soil	Date of collection
1	17819	East Azerbaijan, Tabriz to Marand road, before the Soufian Cement Factory	N: 37° 41′ 15″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1370	0	Flat	Loam	16 August 2008
			E: 45° 52′ 29″
2	17820	East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Marand to Soufian, three way of Qareh Aghaj Village	N: 38° 18′ 47″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1476	20	Sothern	Loam	16 August 2008
			E: 45° 57′ 15″
3	17821	East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Vanyar, Opposite the river	N: 33° 07′ 56.7″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1453	0	Flat	Salty Loam	18 August 2008
			E: 46° 30′ 1.6″
4	17822	East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Nahand river margins, Soulcheh to Nahand	N: 33° 10′ 22.8″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1620	0	Flat	Loam	19 August 2008
			E: 46° 28′ 52.9″
5	17823	East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Khajeh city, watershed management area	N: 33° 09′ 24.9″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1524	0	Flat	Loam	20 August 2008
			E: 46° 39′ 10.2″
6	17824	West Azerbaijan, Urmia to Salmas road, Km 25, opposite the Nazlou river	N: 38° 01′ 01″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1774	0	Flat	Loam	23 August 2008
			E: 45° 06′ 45″
7	17825	West Azerbaijan, Salmas, railway bridge	N: 38° 16′ 44.3″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1759	60	Northern	Loam-Sand	24 August 2008
			E: 45° 00′ 29″
8	17826	West Azerbaijan, Urmia, between the villages of Khan Takhti and Qareh Ashlagh	N: 38° 01′ 7.4″	Yousefi, Jalali, Taleb-Pour	1824	15	Western	Loam-Sand	25 August 2008
			E: 45° 01′ 29″

Figure 1.  A map of Iran showing the localities (*) of the studied populations of Artemisia spicigera collected from East Azarbayjan (Azarbayjan-Sharghi) and West Azarbayjan (Azarbayjane-Gharbi) provinces in Northwest of Iran.

Table 2.  The main chemical compositions of essential oils from aerial parts of A. spicigera collected from different populations.

RI*	Compounds	Populations
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
924	Tricyclene	0.37	0.36	0.38	–	–	0.13	0.33	0.27
930	α-Thujone	14.6	15.12	2.62	14.02	6.12	8.39	21.2	11.63
947	Camphene	18.68	3.75	4.98	2	2.09	3.53	2.41	1.26
972	trans-Sabinene hydrate	0.35	0.37	0.38	0.26	–	0.18	–	0.12
1017	para-Cymen-8-ol	0.38	0.42	–	–	–	–	–	12.50
1028	p-Cymene	3.81	3.75	3.78	4.05	1.46	1.78	1.19	2.38
1031	1,8-Cineole	27.24	26.98	35.61	21.32	47.15	9.1	20.09	10.8
1059	γ-Terpinene	0.3	0.2	0.43	0.4	4.48	–	0.17	–
1102	β-Thujone	5.02	4.9	1.14	10.28	2.27	2.94	9.79	–
1125	Chrysanthenone	3.42	3.39	1.33	2.34	3.25	6.56	1.69	25.09
1143	Camphor	30.68	31.02	37.97	30.05	28.81	15.25	39.93	27.97
1258	Carvone	0.21	0.19	0.18	0.2	4.65	–	0.1	0.22
1263	Chrysanthenyl acetate	0.2	0.27	–	0.33	5.72	4.28	–	0.86
1580	(+) Spathulenol	0.2	0.3	1.26	0.79	8.34	5.26	0.07	1.38

Amounts were expressed as percentage. Each datum represented the mean of three samples; 1-8, different studied populations. The bold data showed the highest amount of each compound through the populations.

*RI, Retention index of the compounds.

Table 3.  Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils provided from different populations of A. spicigera expressed as diameter of inhibition zone (mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Bacterial strains	Populations												MIC
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	a	b	c	d
													EO^a (µL/mL)	STD (µg/mL)
Escherichia coli	31 ± 4	16 ± 2	15 ± 3.5	14 ± 3	11 ± 2	13.5 ± 4	20 ± 5	18 ± 3	24 ± 4.3	–	9 ± 1.4	–	7	8
Enterobacter aerogenes	24 ± 4	14 ± 3	13.5 ± 4	9 ± 1	15 ± 2	12.5 ± 4	16.5 ± 2	12.5 ± 2	19 ± 4	–	16 ± 3	20 ± 4	10	4
Serratia marcescens	28 ± 6	19 ± 5	12 ± 2	11 ± 2	19 ± 3	14 ± 4	22.5 ± 4	15 ± 2	20 ± 5	–	13 ± 1	21 ± 3	8	4
Citrobacter amalonaficus	15 ± 3	16 ± 4	14 ± 2	10 ± 1.5	16.5 ± 2	14 ± 4	15 ± 2	12 ± 1.4	17 ± 2	–	16 ± 1.6	15 ± 2	12	8
Staphylococcus aureus	22 ± 2.5	21.5 ± 4	16 ± 1.6	19 ± 2	19 ± 3	12 ± 1	14 ± 1.5	12 ± 2	21 ± 2	8.5 ± 1	8.2 ± 0.8	9 ± 1	8	2
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	19 ± 2	19 ± 3	17 ± 2	–	17 ± 2	36 ± 5	18 ± 2	11 ± 2	23 ± 5	18 ± 2	15.5 ± 3	–	8	4
Bacillus megaterium	38 ± 5	17.5 ± 2	21 ± 3	17.5 ± 3	18 ± 4	43 ± 6	27.5 ± 3	12 ± 3	22 ± 4	–	15 ± 4	11 ± 2	6	1
Bacillus cereus	21 ± 3	21 ± 4	15.5 ± 2	17 ± 2	14 ± 2	48 ± 8	35 ± 6	17 ± 4	25 ± 3	23 ± 3.6	22 ± 4	21 ± 3	8	1

1-8, Different studied populations. The bolded data indicates the most effective essential oils against the studied bacterial test organisms.

a, Chloramphenicol; b, Penicillin; c, Tetracycline; d, Nalidixilic acid; EO, Essential oil; STD, Standard chloramphenicol antibiotic.

^aMIC of essential oil was evaluated only for the most active populations.