Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Funtumia elastica

Figures & data

Table 1.  Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol leaf (FLE) and stem bark (FBE) extracts of F. elastica.

Secondary metabolites	Alkaloids	Saponins	Flavonoids	Steroids	Carbohydrates	Sapogenetic glycosides	Tannins (% w/w)
Extract
FLE	+	+	+	+	+	−	2.4
FBE	−	+	−	+	+	+	1.3

+, presence of secondary metabolite; −, absence of secondary metabolites.

Table 2.  Antimicrobial activity of ethanol leaf extract (FLE) and ethanol stem bark extract (FBE) of F. elastica by agar diffusion method.

Mean zones of growth inhibition (mm)
Extract (mg/mL)	Bacteria
	S. aureus ATCC 25923	B. subtilis NCTC 10073	E. coli ATCC 25922	P. aureginosa ATCC 27853
FLE
10	0.0	0.0	11.50 ± 0.17	0.0
25	0.0	13.82 ± 0.98	15.91 ± 0.23	0.0
50	13.84 ± 0.13	17.17 ± 0.76	17.20 ± 0.76	12.50 ± 0.87
FBE
10	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
25	0.0	14.15 ± 0.14	16.12 ± 0.42	0.0
50	14.60 ± 0.16	16.50 ± 0.25	17.17 ± 0.51	12.64 ± 0.21
CPC	24.12 ± 0.13	25.16 ± 0.14	27.17 ± 0.15	22.50 ± 0.16
		Fungi
	C. albicans	A. niger	A. flavus
FLE
10	0.0	0.0	0.0
25	0.0	0.0	11.53 ± 0.13
50	14.52 ± 0.13	11.65 ± 0.46	11.60 ± 0.17
FBE
10	0.0	0.0	0.0
25	11.56 ± 0.16	0.0	0.0
50	14.52 ± 0.32	0.0	11.20 ± 0.12
CTZ	23.12 ± 0.24	17.50 ± 0.12	20.50 ± 0.15

Mean zones of growth inhibition are mean (mm) of zones of inhibition of three independent experiments, mean ± SD, n = 4 replicates, diameter of well/cup = 8 mm, reference antimicrobial agents: CPC, chloramphenicol (1 mg/mL), CTZ, clotrimazole (1 mg/mL). The DMSO (alone) used as solvent did not show any antimicrobial activity against the test organisms.

Table 3.  Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (mg/mL) of ethanol leaf extract (FLE) and ethanol stem bark extract (FBE) of F. elastica determined by microdilution method.

Extract/MIC (mg/mL)	S. aureus ATCC 25923	B. subtilis NCTC 10073	E. coli ATCC 25922	P. aureginosa ATCC 27853	C. albicans	A. niger	A. flavus
FLE	0.125	0.125	0.125	1.55	1.25	1.50	1.50
FBE	0.125	0.250	0.250	1.75	1.50	1.75	1.55
CPC	0.025	0.020	0.025	0.055	nd	nd	nd
CTZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.025	0.055	0.075

The experiments were repeated three times. The DMSO (alone) used as solvent did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against the test organisms. Reference antimicrobial agents: CPC, chloramphenicol, CTZ, clotrimazole. Nd, Not determined.

Figure 1.  The effects of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of ethanolic stem bark extract (FBE) on carrageenan-induced inflammation in chicks. ***implies p < 0.001 which signifies a significant reduction in foot volume at all dose levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5), analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for column graphs. Control is the untreated group.

Figure 2.  The effects of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract (FLE) on carrageenan-induced inflammation in chicks. ***implies p < 0.001 which signifies a significant reduction in foot volume at all dose levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5), analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for column graphs. Control is the untreated group.

Figure 3.  The effects of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of dexamethasone on carrageenan-induced inflammation in chicks. ***implies p < 0.001, which signifies a significant reduction in foot volume at all dose levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5), analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for column graphs. Control is the untreated group.

Figure 4.  The effects of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg of diclofenac on carrageenan-induced inflammation in chicks. ***implies p < 0.001, which signifies a significant reduction in foot volume at all dose levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5), analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for column graphs.Control is the untreated group.