Genotoxic effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa extracts on Allium cepa vegetal system

Figures & data

Table 1. Number of cells in different phases at different stages of cell cycle of onion root-tip cells treated for 24 h with water, glyphosate solution, ethanol, aqueous extracts and essential oil of Campomanesia xanthocarpa.

	Number of cells in different phases of the cell cycle
Treatment	Interphase	Prophase	Metaphase	Anaphase	Telophase	MI (%)*
Negative control	4631	158	110	56	45	7.38^a
Positive control	4858	51	26	24	41	2.84^e
Control –ethanol	4722	98	106	47	27	5.56^b
Extract 6 mg/mL	4881	45	29	7	38	2.38^f
Extract 30 mg/mL	4757	126	43	28	46	4.86^c
Essential oil 0.25%	4809	60	47	50	34	3.82^d

A total of 5000 cells were analyzed.

*Means in column, with the same letter are not significantly different (χ² test, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 1. Allium cepa cells treated with aqueous extracts, essential oil and control-ethanol of Campomanesia xanthocarpa. (1) Cell in metaphase disorganization (6 mg/mL); (2) anaphase with several anaphasic bridges (6 mg/mL); (3) cell binuclear (6 mg/mL); (4) metaphase disorganization and with chromosomal breaks (30 mg/mL); (5) anaphase with chromosomal bridges (30 mg/mL); (6) irregular metaphase with chromosome lost; (7) irregular anaphase with chromosomal breaks (ethanol); (8) irregular anaphase with bridges (essential oil). Scale bar = 10 μm.

Table 2. Number and percentage (%) of chromosome aberration observed on A. cepa root-tip cells treated with aqueous extracts essential oil and controls of C. xanthocarpa.

	Treatments
Observations	1	2	3	4	5	6
Number of cells in division	370	142	278	119	243	191
Cells aberrations
Breakage	–	3	1	–	15	3
Lost chromosome	–	15	–	11	24	8
Retardation chromosome	–	–	–	2	3	12
Bridges	–	15	4	1	7	11
Bridge and delayed	–	–	–	1	2	6
Micronucleous	–	–	–	–	–	–
Binuclear cells	–	–	–	8	–	–
Disorganized division	–	6	–	5	3	11
Total cells aberrations	0	39	5	29	54	51
Cells aberrations (%)	0	27.5	1.8	24.4	22.2	26.7

Total number of cells: 5000. Treatments: 1 = negative control; 2 = positive control; 3 = control-ethanol; 4 = aqueous extract at 6 mg/mL; 5 = aqueous extract at 30 mg/mL; 6 = essential oil at 0.25%.

Figure 2. High-performance liquid chromatography phenolics and flavonoids profile of aqueous extract at 30 mg/mL from the leaves of C. xanthocarpa. Gallic acid (peak 1), chlorogenic acid (peak 2), rutin (peak 3) and quercetin (peak 4).

Table 3. Phenolics and flavonoids composition of Campomanesia xanthocarpa leaves.

	Quantities
Compounds	mg/g	Percentage
Gallic acid	31.9 ± 0.19	3.19
Chlorogenic acid	10.4 ± 0.10	1.04
Rutin	48.2 ± 0.34	4.82
Quercetin	29.7 ± 0.09	2.97

Results are expressed as mean ± SE of three determinations.