Figures & data
Figure 1. Effect of the essential oil of A. dracunculus (EOAD) on formalin-induced nociception in rats. The total time spent in licking the injected hind-paw was measured in the early phase (0–5 min) and the late phase (15–30 min). The vehicle (C, 10 ml/kg), the EOAD (10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) or morphine (M, 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Asterisks indicate significant difference from control. Each column represented the mean ± SEM, n = 6, **p < 0.001, *p < 0.01 (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test).
Figure 2. Effect of the essential oil of A. dracunculus (EOAD) in the hot-plate test in rats. The reaction time was measured in seconds (s) before (0 min) and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after drug treatment. Horizontal axis shows time intervals (min), and the lines represent reaction time (s) in each animal group treated with the vehicle (C, 10 ml/kg), the EOAD (10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) or morphine (M, 10 mg/kg). Asterisks indicate significant difference from control. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test).
Figure 3. Effect of the essential oil of A. dracunculus (EOAD) on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The vehicle (C, 10 ml/kg), the EOAD (10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) and morphine (M, 10 mg/kg) were administered 30 min before the intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid and the number of writhes were counted over a period of 20 min. The effects of naloxone on EOAD and morphine antinociception are shown in the right side of the panel. Naloxone (N, 2 mg/kg s.c.) was administered 10 min before EOAD or morphine. Asterisks indicate significant difference from control. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6, *p < 0.001 (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test).
