Antioxidant and antidiarrheal activities of ethanol extract of Ardisia elliptica fruits

Figures & data

Table 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the EFA and standard.

	% Inhibition of ethanol extract and Standards at different concentrations
Concentration (µg/ml)	EFA	Ascorbic acid (Standard)
5	6.20 ± 0.13	30.86 ± 0.10
10	25.87 ± 0.17	60.03 ± 0.08
20	41.09 ± 0.12	72.77 ± 0.13
40	58.43 ± 0.15	86.10 ± 0.10
60	77.42 ± 0.21	95.16 ± 0.12
80	83.29 ± 0.25	96.27 ± 0.18
100	84.74 ± 0.25	96.46 ± 0.05
IC50 (µg/ml)	30.75 ± 0.14	7.89 ± 0.09

EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 2. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of the EFA and standard.

	% NO inhibition of the extract and standards at different concentrations
Concentration (µg/ml)	EFA	Ascorbic acid (Standard)
5	11.05 ± 0.40	13.71 ± 0.33
10	20.44 ± 0.34	28.64 ± 0.27
20	38.29 ± 0.29	38.10 ± 0.29
40	45.59 ± 0.13	51.24 ± 0.29
60	55.11 ± 0.22	67.05 ± 0.66
80	66.67 ± 0.29	82.54 ± 0.49
100	76.44 ± 0.41	87.75 ± 0.33
IC50 (µg/ml)	51.72 ± 0.17	38.68 ± 0.22

EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 3. Reducing power assay of the EFA and standards.

	Average absorbance at 700 nm of extract and standards at different concentrations
Concentration (µg/ml)	EFA	Ascorbic acid (Standard)
5	0.425 ± 0.005	0.579 ± 0.013
10	0.660 ± 0.008	0.821 ± 0.008
20	0.767 ± 0.009	1.128 ± 0.007
40	1.077 ± 0.004	1.466 ± 0.008
60	1.183 ± 0.012	1.633 ± 0.005
80	1.419 ± 0.009	1.843 ± 0.010
100	1.656 ± 0.009	2.103 ± 0.006

EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 4. Fe²⁺ ion chelating ability of EFA and EDTA (standard).

	% Chelating Ability of differentsolvent extract and standard
Concentration (µg/ml)	EFA	Na2EDTA (standard)
5	12.95 ± 0.07	26.18 ± 0.14
10	19.94 ± 0.11	39.29 ± 0.11
20	28.58 ± 0.08	47.88 ± 0.14
40	49.16 ± 0.18	64.55 ± 0.08
60	65.83 ± 0.14	76.42 ± 0.10
80	80.14 ± 0.17	95.44 ± 0.07
100	83.65 ± 0.11	96.92 ± 0.14
IC50 (µg/ml)	41.30 ± 0.12	22.57 ± 0.11

EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 5. Antidiarrheal activity EFA on castor oil-induced diarrheal test method on mice.

		Mean ± SE
Sample	Dose (mg/kg, p.o.)	Latent period	Defecation	% Inhibition
Distilled water	2 ml/mouse, p.o.	1.15 ± 0.28	17.40 ± 0.87	–
Loperamide	3 mg/kg, p.o.	2.70 ± 0.13***	4.20 ± 0.37***	75.86
EFA	250 mg/kg, p.o.	1.70 ± 0.23*	11.20 ± 0.97***	35.63
EFA	500 mg/kg, p.o.	2.23 ± 0.17**	6.60 ± 0.51***	62.07

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean); EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test as compared to control; n = Number of mice; p.o.: per oral.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 6. Antidiarrheal activity of EFA in magnesium-induced diarrheal test method on mice.

		Mean ± SE
Sample	Dose	Latent period	Defecation	% Inhibition
Distilled water	2 ml/mouse, p.o.	1.15 ± 0.28	12.80 ± 0.37	–
Loperamide	3 mg/kg, p.o.	3.05 ± 0.19**	2.40 ± 0.40**	81.25
EFA	250 mg/kg, p.o.	2.17 ± 0.23*	7.80 ± 0.37**	39.06
EFA	500 mg/kg, p.o.	2.55 ± 0.24**	4.40 ± 0.40**	65.63

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean); EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test as compared to control; n = Number of mice; p.o.: per oral.

*p < 0.01; **p < 0.001.

Table 7. Antidiarrheal activity of EFA in castor oil-induced enteropooling test method on rat.

		Mean ± SE
Sample	Dose	Volume of fluid (ml)	Weight of intestinal content (gm)	% Inhibition
Distilled water	2 ml/rat, p.o.	2.26 ± 0.30	3.06 ± 0.30
Loperamide	3 mg/kg, p.o.	0.58 ± 0.14***	0.83 ± 0.17***	72.96
EFA	250 mg/kg, p.o.	1.64 ± 0.23*	1.92 ± 0.28*	37.36
EFA	500 mg/kg, p.o.	1.25 ± 0.20**	1.50 ± 0.19***	51.08

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean); EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test as compared to control; n = Number of mice; p.o.: per oral.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 8. Antidiarrheal activity of EFA in magnesium sulphate-induced enteropooling test method on rat.

		Mean ± SE
Sample	Dose	Volume of fluid (ml)	Weight of intestinal content (gm)	% Inhibition
Distilled water	2 ml/rat, p.o.	6.36 ± 0.54	12.25 ± 0.36	–
Loperamide	3 mg/kg, p.o.	3.45 ± 0.46***	4.85 ± 0.42***	60.35
EFA	250 mg/kg, p.o.	5.24 ± 0.32*	8.86 ± 0.72***	27.69
EFA	500 mg/kg, p.o.	4.44 ± 0.24**	6.45 ± 0.65***	47.29

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean); EFA = Ethanol fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test as compared to control; n = Number of mice; p.o.: per oral.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.