Hepatic, gastric, and intestinal first-pass effects of vitexin in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chemical structures of vitexin (a) and hesperidin (b).

Figure 2. Mean plasma concentration–time curves of vitexin after intravenous (○; n = 5) and intraportal (•; n = 5) administration (a), and intragastric (▪; n = 5), intraduodenal (□; n = 5), and intraportal (•; n = 5) administration (b) (mean ± SD).

Table 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters of vitexin after intravenous, intraportal, intragastric and intraduodenal administration with or without administration of verapamil (n = 5).

	Hepatic first-pass effect		Gastric and intestinal first-pass effects			Intestinal first-pass effect
Parameter	Intravenous	Intraportal	Intraportal	Intragastric	Intraduodenal	Intraduodenal (vitexin + NS)	Intraduodenal (vitexin + verapamil)
AUC (μg·min/mL)	774.3 ± 23.7^a	734.2 ± 18.4	719.4 ± 23.5	29.2 ± 1.4^b	42.5 ± 4.9	39.8 ± 2.2	44.9 ± 1. 6^c
First-pass effect (%)	–	5.2	–	31.3	94.1	–	–

^aIn hepatic first-pass effect, the intravenous group was significantly different (p < 0.01) from the intraportal group.

^bIn gastric and intestinal first-pass effects, the intragastric group was significantly different (p < 0.001) from the intraduodenal group.

^cIn intestinal first-pass effect, vitexin with verapamil group was significantly different (p < 0.01) from vitexin with NS group.

Figure 3. Mean plasma concentration–time curve of vitexin after intraduodenal administration with pre-instillation of verapamil (▴; n = 5) and normal saline (△; n = 5) (mean ± SD).