Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Ferula cupularis growing wild in Iran

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil from flowers of Ferula cupularis.

Compound	K.I.^a	(%)
α-Thujene	940	1.22
δ-2-Carene	1004	15.81
Camphene	1009	2.6
Sabinene	1013	7.96
β-Pinene	1016	2.2
β-Myrcene	1021	4.47
β-Phellandrene	1032	6.89
δ-3-Carene	1035	5.21
α-Terpinene	1039	0.71
o-Cymene	1043	0.05
m-Cymene	1059	5.21
dl-Limonene	1071	25.04
cis-β-Ocimene	1096	1.72
γ-Terpinene	1111	2.19
cis-Sabinene hydrate	1124	0.22
α-Terpinolene	1145	5.61
1-Linalool	1158	1.85
trans-Sabinene hydrate	1167	0.48
allo-Ocimene	1198	0.91
cis-Verbenol	1213	0.7
trans-Verbenol	1219	0.09
p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol	1231	0.27
p-Mentha-1-en-9-ol	1249	2.75
endo-Fenchyl acetate	1254	0.53
α-Phellandrene epoxide	1273	0.21
cis-Verbenyl acetate	1284	0.03
Bornyl acetate	1296	4.24
Citronellyl acetate	1357	0.09
Germacrene D	1487	0.27
γ-Cadinene	1515	0.04
Total		98.57

^aKovats index on DB-5 column in reference to n-alkanes.

Table 2. Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Ferula cupularis.

Compound	K.I.^a	(%)
β-Myrcene	993	0.22
δ-2-Carene	1002	2.9
β-Ocimene	1045	9.05
Camphene	1064	2.69
β-Pinene	1071	13.87
Decane	1083	2.37
α-Phellandrene	1093	2.36
β-Phellandrene	1102	4.18
α-Terpinene	1111	1.25
p-Mentha-1,5,8-triene	1137	4.05
trans-Isolimonene	1151	5.78
allo-Ocimene	1162	6.08
neo-allo-Ocimene	1178	2.68
3-Thujenol	1194	0.36
Terpin-4-ol	1206	3.45
cis-Sabinene hydrate acetate	1221	0.62
Neral	1238	0.14
cis-dihydro-α-Terpinyl acetate	1297	3.11
dihydro-Linalool acetate	1309	5.02
3-Octenol acetate	1317	0.77
trans-dimethoxy Citral	1343	0.13
Octadecanal	1365	1.65
p-Menth-1-en-9-ol acetate	1394	0.2
neo-iso-Verbenol acetate	1411	1.39
α-Terpinyl isobutyrate	1462	3.7
Citronellyl n-butyrate	1513	2.63
Bornyl angelate	1537	6.55
Eugenol acetate	1578	1.87
Caryophyllene oxide	1602	0.17
Geranyl n-butyrate	1612	0.11
Bicyclogermacrene	1632	0.37
δ-Cadinene	1646	0.31
Spathulenol	1657	1.13
Guaiol	1689	0.21
β-Eudesmol	1701	1.66
Osthole	2144	0.72
Total		93.73

^aKovats index on DB-5 column in reference to n-alkanes.

Table 3. Chemical composition of the essential oil from stems of Ferula cupularis.

Compound	K.I.^a	(%)
cis-Thujone	1101	1.43
δ-3-Carene	1129	8.38
Limonene oxide	1132	1.89
cis-Verbenol	1141	0.3
trans-Sabinol	1152	6.87
trans-Pinene hydrate	1164	1.57
Myrcenone	1184	2.39
Camphor	1206	3.03
α-Terpineol	1221	0.86
p-Cymene-9-ol	1243	5.53
Terpinyl acetate	1257	5.19
trans-Ocimenone	1288	0.38
3-Thujul acetate	1304	0.52
cis-dihydro-α-Terpinyl acetate	1321	1.89
trans-Sabinyl acetate	1336	2.19
α-Terpinyl acetate	1374	1.23
Linalool isobutyrate	1386	3.41
p-Menth-1-en-9-ol acetate	1397	2.65
β-Bourbonene	1425	2.7
iso-Verbanol acetate	1463	2.18
Verbanol acetate	1476	5.2
p-Mentha-1-en-9-ol acetate	1497	1.1
endo-1-Bourbonanol	1508	1.42
α-Terpinyl isobutyrate	1532	8.69
Citronellyl butyrate	1589	2.57
Cuparene	1603	0.49
Bornyl angelate	1645	7.45
dihydro-Eugenol acetate	1697	0.62
Caryophyllene acetate	1712	0.43
γ-Eudesmol acetate	1789	1.75
14-Hydroxy-α-humulene	1824	1.66
Sothol	2133	5.96
Total		91.93

^aKovats index on DB-5 column in reference to n-alkanes.

Table 4. In-vitro antibacterial activities of essential oils from stem, leaf, and flower parts of Ferula cupularis (MIC values in mg/mL for essential oils and µg/mL for ciprofloxacin).

Bacteria	Stem	Leaf	Flower	Ciprofloxacin
S. aureus	2.85	11.38	22.75	0.19
S. epidermidis	2.85	5.69	22.75	1.56
B. subtilis	2.85	11.38	22.75	0.78
E. coli	2.85	22.75	>91	0.098
K. pneumoniae	1.42	22.75	45.50	0.098
P. aeruginosa	22.75	45.50	>91	1.56