Artemisia pallens alleviates acetaminophen induced toxicity via modulation of endogenous biomarkers

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of treatment of APME on body weight, liver weight, and spleen weight in paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats.

Treatment	Body weight (BW) (g)	Liver weight (LW) (g)	LW/BW ratio	Spleen weight (SL) (g)	SL/BW ratio
Normal	257.16 ± 5.00	5.12 ± 0.26	0.019 ± 0.001	0.36 ± 0.02	0.001 ± 0.00008
APAP	224.66 ± 6.03^###	8.86 ± 0.26^###	0.03 ± 0.001^###	0.92 ± 0.03^###	0.004 ± 0.0001^###
Silymarin (25)	253.50 ± 7.29**	6.52 ± 0.55***	0.025 ± 0.002***	0.40 ± 0.05***	0.001 ± 0.0002***
APME (100)	246.00 ± 2.87	7.68 ± 0.39	0.03 ± 0.001*	0.73 ± 0.04**	0.002 ± 0.0001***
APME (200)	243.00 ± 4.95	6.70 ± 0.32***	0.027 ± 0.001***	0.59 ± 0.03***	0.002 ± 0.0001***
APME (400)	244.33 ± 2.23	5.92 ± 0.27***	0.024 ± 0.001***	0.45 ± 0.04***	0.002 ± 0.0001***

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for each parameter separately. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the APAP group and ^###p < 0.001 as compared with the normal group.

Figure 1. Effect of treatment of APME on albumin (A), blood urea nitrogen (B), serum creatinine (C), and uric acid (D) in paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for each parameter separately. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the APAP group and ^##p < 0.01 and ^###p < 0.001 as compared with the normal group.

Table 2. Effect of treatment of APME on alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT in paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats.

Treatment	Alkaline phosphatase (IU/I)	Total bilirubin (mg %)	Direct bilirubin (mg %)	AST (IU/I)	ALT (IU/I)
Normal	39.28 ± 3.03	0.094 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.04	125.8 ± 7.85	21.87 ± 1.87
APAP	217.9 ± 15.83^###	0.29 ± 0.02^###	0.54 ± 0.08^###	293.5 ± 29.15^###	142.0 ± 10.24^###
Silymarin (25)	126.2 ± 8.92*	0.12 ± 0.02***	0.30 ± 0.02*	146.4 ± 19.81***	33.04 ± 7.70***
APME (100)	199.7 ± 25.15	0.21 ± 0.02	0.33 ± 0.02*	248.3 ± 15.74	116.6 ± 12.98
APME (200)	211.6 ± 34.03	0.17 ± 0.02*	0.29 ± 0.02**	316.8 ± 27.90	137.5 ± 17.93
APME (400)	171.3 ± 15.29	0.12 ± 0.01***	0.17 ± 0.04***	133.3 ± 4.90***	39.06 ± 12.15***

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for each parameter separately. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the APAP group and ^###p < 0.001 as compared with normal group.

Table 3. Effect of treatment of APME on cholesterol, HDL, LDL, LDH, triglyceride, and VLDL in paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats.

Treatment	Cholesterol (mg %)	HDL (mg %)	LDL (mg %)	LDH (mg %)	Triglyceride (mg %)	VLDL
Normal	14.32 ± 1.32	65.32 ± 4.74	1.12 ± 0.31	203.5 ± 48.62	63.12 ± 4.02	12.62 ± 0.80
APAP	48.85 ± 5.40^###	21.54 ± 2.81^###	5.63 ± 0.70^###	2989.00 ± 362.2^###	159.5 ± 4.49^###	31.90 ± 0.89^###
Silymarin (25)	27.24 ± 2.94***	40.67 ± 5.42	1.64 ± 0.60***	2470.00 ± 192.1	106.5 ± 7.11***	21.29 ± 1.42***
APME (100)	44.28 ± 1.85	47.03 ± 3.77*	4.76 ± 0.48	1829.00 ± 199.7**	133.3 ± 9.30	26.66 ± 1.86
APME (200)	43.15 ± 3.45	57.16 ± 8.04**	3.83 ± 0.65	1149.00 ± 252.7***	123.2 ± 7.44*	24.55 ± 1.48*
APME (400)	31.68 ± 1.81**	59.12 ± 6.82***	2.44 ± 0.43**	662.6 ± 127.9***	114.2 ± 12.24**	22.84 ± 2.44**

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for each parameter separately. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the APAP group and ^###p < 0.001 as compared with the normal group. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 2. Effect of treatment of APME on hepatic and renal SOD (A), GSH (B), MDA (C), and NO (D) in paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for each parameter separately. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the APAP group and ^##p < 0.01 and ^###p < 0.001 as compared with normal group.

Figure 3. Effect of treatment of APME on paracetamol-induced pathological alteration in rat liver. Photomicrograph of sections of liver of normal (A), APAP (B), silymarin (25 mg/kg) treated (C), and APME (400 mg/kg) treated (D) rats. Inflammatory infiltration (black arrow), edema (yellow arrow), congestion (green arrow), and necrosis (red arrow). H&E staining at 40 × and 100 × (inset).

Table 4. Effect of treatment of APME on paracetamol-induced pathological alteration in rat liver.

Treatment	Vesicular Fat	Inflammatory infiltration	Plasma cells	Congestion	Edema	Vaculization	Pyknosis	Necrosis
Normal	0	0	0	+	0	+	0	0
APAP	++	++++	++++	+++	+++	+++	+++	++++
Silymarin (25)	+	+	+	++	++	+	0	+
APME (100)	+++	+++	+++	++	+++	+++	++	+++
APME (200)	+	+++	++	+	+	++	++	+++
APME (400)	0	++	0	+	0	+	+	+

0, no abnormality detected; +, damage/active changes up to less than 25%; ++, damage/active changes up to less than 50%; +++, damage/active changes up to less 75%; ++++, damage/active changes up to more than 75%.

Figure 4. Effect of treatment of APME on paracetamol-induced pathological alteration in rat kidney. Photomicrograph of sections of kidney of normal (A), APAP (B), silymarin (25 mg/kg) treated (C), and APME (400 mg/kg) treated (D) rats. Glomerular hypertrophy (white arrow), inflammatory infiltration (black arrow), edema (yellow arrow), congestion (green arrow), and necrosis (red arrow). H&E staining at 40 × and 100 × (inset).

Table 5. Effect of treatment of APME on paracetamol-induced pathological alteration in rat kidney.

Treatment	Glomerular hypertrophy	Inflammatory infiltration	Congestion	Edema	Pyknosis	Necrosis
Normal	0	0	+	0	0	0
APAP	++++	+++	++++	++++	++	+++
Silymarin (25)	+	++	+	0	+	0
APME (100)	++++	+++	+++	++++	++	++
APME (200)	+++	++	++	++	+	++
APME (400)	++	+	+	0	0	+

0, no abnormality detected; + , damage/active changes up to less than 25%; ++, damage/active changes up to less than 50%; +++, damage/active changes up to less 75%; ++++, damage/active changes up to more than 75%.